Ukraińskie i łemkowskie struktury organizacyjne w Polsce w latach 1956-2012
Streszczenie
W artykule omówiono początki powojennej działalności organizacyjnej mniejszości
ukraińskiej i łemkowskiej w Polsce oraz jej zmiany jakościowe, ilościowe i przestrzenne
w kolejnych dekadach, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem stanu aktualnego. Przedstawiono
zależności między zmianami sytuacji politycznej a przekształceniami ukraińskich
i łemkowskich struktur organizacyjnych. Głównym celem było przedstawienie uwarunkowań
współczesnego pluralizmu organizacyjnego oraz opinii liderów wybranych
organizacji. Since the middle of the 20th century, the fundamental factors which shaped Ukrainian
and Lemko organizational structures in Poland, were the attitude of the state authorities
to Ukrainians and Lemkos and political-legal system of the state.
In People's Republic of Poland period, because of the strict limitation and control of
all activities of political, social and cultural citizens, aversion of the authorities to the
Ukrainians, non-recognition separateness of Lemkos and aspiration to assimilate all non-
-Polish community, the organizational activity was limited to a minimum and focused on
the implementation of objectives to the national minorities by the ruling bodies. Through
the whole People's Republic of Poland period there worked the only one Ukrainian
organization which was totally controlled by the authorities, but it wasn’t agreed to
initiate Lemko organization.
After the changes of regime in the early 90s, political and legal changes and different
approach to non-Polish citizens of state authorities, it become a distinct activation and
strong pluralization of the organizational structures. The number did not always go hand
in hand with the quality and persistence, but admittedly after the year 1990, there has
taken place rapid development of an independent Ukrainian and Lemko national,
political, social, cultural, artistic and editorial activity. Sometimes it causes disputes and
controversy, both within minority communities and in relations with Polish majority, but
at the same time, despite of the permanent financial problems and frequent lack of understanding among the officials, it is a sign of the effective committing to the maintain
of the identity and distinctiveness of groups by the activists.
The spatial structures of Ukrainian organizations largely reflect contemporary
territorial spread of Ukrainians, whereas Lemko organizations, despite of living most of
Lemkos in Lower Silesia, are the most active in Lemko Region which was inhabited by
them till displacement in the middle of 20th century.