Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica 1999, nr 66http://hdl.handle.net/11089/133122024-03-28T20:34:43Z2024-03-28T20:34:43ZSłowo wstępneSamuś, Pawełhttp://hdl.handle.net/11089/135012018-02-01T11:19:45Z1999-01-01T00:00:00ZSłowo wstępne
Samuś, Paweł
1999-01-01T00:00:00ZDziałalność polityczna księcia Adama Jerzego Czartoryskiego wobec Wielkiej Brytanii w sprawie belgijskiej (1838-1839)Żurawski vel Grajewski, Radosławhttp://hdl.handle.net/11089/134972018-02-01T11:19:45Z1999-01-01T00:00:00ZDziałalność polityczna księcia Adama Jerzego Czartoryskiego wobec Wielkiej Brytanii w sprawie belgijskiej (1838-1839)
Żurawski vel Grajewski, Radosław
The „diplomacy” in exile leaded by prince Adam Czartoryski took an active part in the second Belgian crisis in the years 1838-1839. The policy of Czartoryski towards that question was partly a continuation of that one of the period of the first Belgian crisis of 1830-1833. However in 1838 he was conscious that in fact there was no hope to expect a war over Belgium. From the Polish point of view, as usually, only a great military contest in Europe could create a situation in which Poland would be restored and it was the main aim of the Polish political activity in exile. Czartoryski tried to exploit the crisis mainly to promote the Polish cause in the European policy and public opinion. During his conversation with British statesmen he demanded to solve the Polish question on the conference of ambassadors - just as it had been done with the Belgian one. He participated in political rupture between Austria, Prussia and Belgium in 1839 connected with the question of general Jan Skrzynecki - former Polish commander in chief during November Uprising in 1831, who came to Brussels to join the Belgian army. Czartoryski obtained the support of British diplomacy for general Skrzynecki, and others Polish officers in Belgium. But Foreign Office was interested in the peaceful and quick end of crisis. London hoped to collaborate with Vienna over Eastern Question where a political tension rapidly grew in 1839. Quarrel in Belgium still created some difficulties in that collaborations in Near East and Turkey. In that situation Czartoryski could not expect a war in Europe over Belgium but he tried to convince Palmerston - British Foreign Secretary - that the attitude of Austria towards Poland is the best criterion of her loyalty towards the future Austro-British alliance and that Foreign Office should press Metternich to resign from his oppressive policy in that country. According to him, if Vienna was not able to change her policy towards the Poles as she showed in the question of Polish soldiers in Belgium, it would mean that Austria was still closely connected with Russia - the main British enemy in Near East and Central Asia.
1999-01-01T00:00:00ZWizja moralnego porządku społeczeństwa na łamach „Przeglądu Tygodniowego” i „Przeglądu Katolickiego” (1864-1880)Markiewicz, Grzegorzhttp://hdl.handle.net/11089/134962021-07-05T09:40:52Z1999-01-01T00:00:00ZWizja moralnego porządku społeczeństwa na łamach „Przeglądu Tygodniowego” i „Przeglądu Katolickiego” (1864-1880)
Markiewicz, Grzegorz
This article is devoted to the part of the discussion, that took place in the press of the
Kingdom of Poland just after the January Uprising (1863-1864) had collapsed. The great
changes which occurred in that period in social, economic and political life of Poland forced
the Polish publicists to analyse the past, presence and perspectives for the future. The disputes
on the ways of the reconstruction of the economic and social system of the country were
accompanied by the parallel debates on the necessity to reshape the hierarchy of commonly
accepted values and social consciousness of the Poles.
„Przegląd Tygodniowy” and „Przegląd Katolicki” were both weeklies still each one
represented quite a different outlook and promoted different system of values. The first one
was connected with the positivist philosophy the second one was a catholic weekly. Each one
represented different social groups as well: „Przegląd Tygodniowy” was connected with an
informal group of radical intelligentsia, „Przegląd Katolicki” reflected the point of view of
a very formal institution, namely - the Catholic Church. Both weeklies shared a common
will to shape the public opinion and the mentality of the society. Both of them paid much
attention to the system of values and social rules that were observed in those times that
means to all of that which in the wider sense is called an ethos and in the narrow one the
morality and refers to the spiritual sphere of human and social activity that influences the
deeds of people.
„Przegląd Tygodniowy” considered the changes in the common consciousness of the
society to be the crucial ones for the successful social and economic development. „Przegląd
Katolicki” on its side stressed the importance of the consciousness as the base of a social
order and subordinated to it all the other areas of the human activity. For both weeklies
the question of morality played a crucial role in the shaping of the image of the society
created by their publicists.
1999-01-01T00:00:00ZOrganizacje dziennikarskie w Łodzi (1916-1939)Olejnik, Leszekhttp://hdl.handle.net/11089/134942021-07-05T10:33:23Z1999-01-01T00:00:00ZOrganizacje dziennikarskie w Łodzi (1916-1939)
Olejnik, Leszek
The first organization of journalists in Poland - the Association of the Mutual Help of
the Polish Journalists - was created in Lwów in 1893. It was followed by the similar
organizations in the other towns later. Still it was in Łódź not earlier but in August 1916
where the Association of the Polish Writers and Journalists was created and maintained its
activity till 1919. The association of a similar character of mutual help was organized as well
among the Jewish journalists in 1918 and was named the Association of the Jewish Writers
and Journalists.
The first full professional organization of the press editorial staff in Łódź was the
Syndicate of the Polish Journalists, which came into being in April 1921. Its cofounder and
the first president was editor Lucjan Dąbrowski. This organization has displayed its activity
since 1924, when it became a part of the all-Polish journalist association. Since 1927 the
journalists from the Jewish and German press in Łódź were also associated in that organization,
which changed a name and then was called the Syndicate of the Journalists of Łódź (SDŁ).
For many years (since 1924 till 1939) its president was editor Czesław Gumowski. The
Syndicate dealt not only with the material and moral interests of its members. It also
participated in the nation-wide actions, and spread wide cultural and entertainment activity
as well (among the others the so called Press Reduts [Reduty Prasy] was organized - it ws
a kind of the public press fetes). In Łódź in the years of the Second Republic of Poland
(1918-1939) existed as well: the Union of the Sport Journalists of Republic of Poland and
the Association of the Polish Journalists and Publicists of Economy.
1999-01-01T00:00:00Z