http://hdl.handle.net/11089/13681 2026-04-08T14:21:31Z 2026-04-08T14:21:31Z Florczak, Ilona http://hdl.handle.net/11089/13756 2021-06-24T10:45:02Z 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z

Zofia Moraczewska (1873-1958). Kobieta-polityk II Rzeczypospolitej Florczak, Ilona The general aim of this article is to present Zofia Moraczewska (1873-1958) as a socialist, fighter for Polish independence, a leader of many Polish feminine movements in Austrian sector of partitioned Poland and in the Second Republic and as member of a Parliament in 1919-1922, 1928-1930 and 1930-1935. From 1896 she was member of Polish Social-Democratic Party of Galicia and Silesia (Polska Partia Galicji i Śląska - PPSD) in which she concentrated on equality of women and workers’ rights. During the First World War Zofia Moraczewska as the President of League of Women Galicia and Silesia (Liga Kobiet Galicji i Śląska), which was connected with Leading National Committee (Naczelny Komitet Narodowy), stood up for Polish rights to independence. She, like her husband Jędrzej Moraczewski, was a follower of Józef Piłsudski group composed of activists, aiming for regaining of the indcpedence of Poland. After regaining the independence, Zofia Moraczewska was elected, in 1919, to Legislative Sejm as the only one female representative of the socialist movement. She was the first woman who spoke in Polish parliament. As a parliamentarian she continued fighting for equality of women and workers rights. After dissolving the Parliament in 1922 she resigned from political activity for the next four years. After coup d ’etat of May she joined new politic group supported J. Piłsudski’ s governments. She became the president of new pro-government women organisation Women’ Civil Work Union (Związek Pracy Obywatelskiej Kobiet - ZPOK). In 1928 and 1930 she was elected to the Parliament from the list of Non-party Block of Co-operation with the Government (Bezpartyjny Blok Współpracy z Rządem - BBWR). During the cadences of 1928-1930 and 1930-1935 she was a member of parliamentarian club of BBWR and she usually supported political ideas of the club. In 1932 and 1933 after passing ‘the uniting laws’ there arose a conflict between Z. Moraczewska and the President of BBWR Walery Sławek. As a result of the conflict Z. Moraczewska had to resign from the position of the president of ZPOK. In 1935 she and her followers left the Union and created new organisation the Social Mutual Aid of Women (Samopomoc Społeczna Kobiet - SSK). From 1935 she was staying away from mainstream political life in Poland. Until she died she was faithful to her social political ideas, which were the same as her husband’s, Jędrzej Moraczewski the first Prime Minister of the Second Republic. The most important aims of her activity were connected with equality of women and workers rights. Zofia Moraczewska died the 19 of November 1958. She left a few versions of her memoirs, which are useful sources for studying feminine movements in Poland between wars.

2003-01-01T00:00:00Z Kowalczyk, Rafał Wiktor http://hdl.handle.net/11089/13755 2021-07-07T09:36:30Z 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z

Rozwój rosyjskiego zagłębia południowego w latach 1795-1899 opinii "Przeglądu Technicznego" Kowalczyk, Rafał Wiktor Decline of XVIII century brought interest the region o i Russia named later the Coal-basin Donieck. One of the first who were interested in this region was the omnipotent minister Russian tzarina Catherine II, duke Grigorij Aleksandrowich Potiomkin. However, the actors of technology and communication made the development of heavy industry impossible at this area. The geological investigations led to discovery of ledges of pit-coal and coking-coal on the territory of Donieck in 1790. The government initiatives concerning the development of region of Donieck based on local dePosits of pit-coal and iron-stone failed. Situation of private investments was similar. Factories of "Noworossyjskie Company” (British capital) and Pastuchow’s (Russian capital) founded in the Coal-basin of Donieck functioned only with support of subsidies of the government. The economic torpor of southern Russia ended in the second half of 1870s. It was caused discovery of the deposits of high-quality iron-stone in area or Krivoi Rog by local businessman Alexander Pohl. The change of economic doctrine of Russian Empire in 1877 caused the inflow or foreign capitals into the region. The govemement made foreign investors locate huge means for building modern railway lines. They connected southhern Russia with leading markets of Russian Empire. The true investment boom in southern Russia took place atter 1886 when government increased custom duties for iron and import became unprofitable. Period of economic situation or 1890s led to development of region of “Niz Dnieprowski” and “the Coasts or Azov See”. All the investments in southern Russia were based on estimated data about deposits or high-grade iron-stone of Krivoi Rog. Using up or the richest deposits of iron-stone in area of Krivoi Rog caused that exploitation of worse iron-stone of Kercz region begun in 1898. The profits generated by joint-stock companies in southern Russia let them introduce newest technologies. The southern region or Russian Empire was the most modern centre of industry. This caused using the by-products and development of chemical industry there. In the middle of 1890s there was a great technological difference between the mining of iron-stone of Krivoi Rog and coal-mining of the Coal-basin of Donieck. It was the result of shallow and rich deposits of pit-coal in the Coal-basin of Donieck. Using up of these deposits caused that in the middle of 1890s the modern technological solutions in coal mining were introduced. In the same period the modern systems of iron-stone mining functioned exclusively in Krovoi Rog. The dynamic development of production of steel and steel rails in southern Russia caused demand for ferro-manganese and matcrrial mirror. Russia was world largest manufacturer of manganic ore. The largest deposits were in district of Kutay and Ekaterynoslaw (nikopolska and caucasian ore). In the middle of 1890s in southern Russia the production of ferro-manganese and material mirror was started. As the result of foreign capital investments the southern centre fransformed into the largest complex of heavy industry in Russia. In years 1870-1900 the coal production increased from 32,8 to 69,5% and output of iron-stone form 2,8 to 57,2%. In the same period the production of pig-iron increased from 1,4 to 51,8%. In years 1880-1900 the production of iron and steel increased from 4,5 to 44,0%.

2003-01-01T00:00:00Z Gruntowska, Lidia http://hdl.handle.net/11089/13754 2018-02-01T11:19:54Z 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z

Dzieje rodu książąt Ostrogskich iv świetle ,,Herbarza" Kaspra Niesieckiego Gruntowska, Lidia The main purpose of this article was as much to look at the history of the most powerful prince family in Wołyń with the eyes of one of the greatest historians of the Saxon age - Kasper Niesiecki - as well as to find an answer to the question how much Niesiecki really knew about the history of Ostrogski family, what was an object of his interest, what matters drew his attention and what he omitted. Preparing his “Korona Polska” (“The Kingdom of Poland”) Kasper Niesiecki availed himself of the works of other heraldic historians like Bartłomiej Paprocki, Szymon Okolski or Wojciech Kojałowicz and also of the works of chronicers and historians like Jan Długosz, Maciej Miechowita, Marcin Bielski, Stanisław Orzechowski, Łukasz Górnicki and Szymon Starowolski. Moreover, he managed to gather lots of precious manuscripts, mainly monastic chronicles (especially Jesuits’). He also used thoroughly printed constitutions of the Seym, statutes, church foundation certificates, descriptions of tomb stones, occasionally printed Panegyrics and funeral speeches as well as gcneaJogical materials lent him by some noble and Magnate families. Kasper Niesiecki dedicated a major part of his work to Konstanty Ostrogski, Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski, Anna Alojza Chodakiewicz, nee Ostrogska and to the last male descendant of the family - the founder of the estate, Janusz Ostrogski. The family of Ostrogski is shown in Niesiecki’s armorial in a very favourable light. One would be looking in vain for any criticism or any attempt to lake up difficult or controversial subjects. He paid special attention to the quantity of progeny of the described personages, to the fortune they managed to gather, the dignity and rank they gained, the battles they participated in and their relation to subject of faith. Various kinds of anecdotes take a lot of space in his story and thanks to the vivid style of the author, may give an impression of genuine report based on source materials. Undoubtedly, the historian aimed to reconstruct the family Ostrogski’s past as close to the historic truth as he could. However as his historical methodology was not perfect, he did not manage to avoid many blatant errors and mistakes, especially with reference to the first generations of the Ostróg princes. The errors also regard the dales. However, the more we approach the author’s times, the more precise and closer to reality the information are. Nevertheless it also happened then that Niesiecki was concentrated only on chosen subjects, omitting the details which could - in his opinion - cast a shadow on the past of the great princes’ family.

2003-01-01T00:00:00Z Nowakowska-Dryk, Anna http://hdl.handle.net/11089/13749 2018-02-01T11:19:59Z 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z

Oblicza tożsamości brytyjskiej iv poglądach wybranych historyków brytyjskich drugiej połowy XX wieku Nowakowska-Dryk, Anna The article Images of the British Identity in the Views of the Chosen British Historians of the Middle of the Twentieth Century is a condensed view of a Polish historian on the problem of various attitudes towards the British National Identity phenomenon in the British historiography of the middle of the twentieth century. It shows opinions of the researchers belonging to different schools of history and options present on the British Island during the period. It is based on the views of chosen representatives of the modern British historiography. A conspicuous part of the article is devoted to the views of Scottish historians as the problem rouses a vivid interest among them. The problem of the British Islands common identity is not widely known in Poland but it evokes numerous areas of the research, both by its local implications and general conception. The article is to familiarize Polish readers with the changing paths of understanding the ideas of nation, patriotism, Scoltishness or Britishness itself and the circumstances influencing their interpretation and present sense. None of them makes a homogeneous and immutable term. The different images of the British identity phenomenon with a huge variety of its components is the integral part of the British historiography of the middle of the twentieth century and the subject of numerous research approaches causing various conclusions.

2003-01-01T00:00:00Z