http://hdl.handle.net/11089/13685 2026-04-07T00:55:27Z 2026-04-07T00:55:27Z Chmielewska, Lucyna http://hdl.handle.net/11089/13733 2018-02-01T11:19:52Z 2005-01-01T00:00:00Z

Udział Wincentego Rzymowskiego w początkach działalności ONZ (1945-1946) Chmielewska, Lucyna Wincenty Rzymowski fungierte als den Außenminister (2 V 1945-5 II 1947) während des Beginnes der Funktion von Organisation der Vereinten Nationen. Es wird in diesem Artikel über den Anschluss Polens an Organisation der Vereinten Nationen und über die Rolle von Rzymowski dort gesprochen. Der polnische Außenminister Wincenty Rzymowski schrieb die UNO - Charta am 16. Oktober 1945 unter und nahm an dem ersten und zweiter: Teil der ersten Session der Allgemeinen Ansammlung von Organisation der Vereinten Nationen in London und in New York 1946 teil. Der Besuch von Rzymowski in Vereinigte Staaten und in Großbritannien 1945-1946 wurde von der Presse der polnischen Exilregierung sehr scharf kommentiert. Es wurde die Äußerungen von Rzymowski und seine Verhaltensweise in „Dziennik Polski i Dziennik Żołnierza” viel und kritisch beschrieben.

2005-01-01T00:00:00Z Kacprzak, Michał http://hdl.handle.net/11089/13732 2018-02-01T11:19:52Z 2005-01-01T00:00:00Z

Komitet do Spraw Szlachty Zagrodowej na Wschodzie Polski 1938-1939 Kacprzak, Michał One of the results of long standing annexations was liquidation of the whole social stratum which nobility had presented before partitions. The first actions to make the descendants of the former nobility become the Poles took place in 1934. In north-eastern terrains the actions took place later and in a different way. The action of the recapturing of nobility was begun in turczański administrative unit, and it was spread on the eastern province in southern Poland and Wołyń. The noble youth were led to special military units. A periodical tilled ‘Wake up’ was started to distribute to backwaters. The organizing of the circles of nobility, common rooms, cooperatives, agricultural was started as well. The Secretariat of Polish Social Organizations was responsible for the coordination of the actions. On behalf of Polish Social Organizations the action was taken by the Company of the Development of Eastern Lands. But with time the problem became so much momentous that in November 1937, during the special conference organized by Ministry of Military Affairs, representatives of ministries, institutions and army decided to appoint interministerial Nobility’s Affairs Committee. But instead of it on 25lh February 1938 Nobility’s Affairs Committee was appointed within the Company of the Development of Eastern Lands. The activity of the committee was run in lour sections: scientific, propaganda, economic and financial. The committee was patronizing to the actions of Nobility Union which numbered about six hundred and thirty of circles and fifty thousand of members in 1939. The scientific section fulfilled a crucial role in the workings of the committee. Work was due to be run as a national activity, not political and adjusted to the local conditions and coordinated with the whole of Polish work in the East.

2005-01-01T00:00:00Z Chylak, Karol http://hdl.handle.net/11089/13731 2018-02-01T11:19:41Z 2005-01-01T00:00:00Z

Polityka agrarna rządu Władysława Grabskiego w latach 1923-1925 Chylak, Karol After the First World War the Republic of Poland was an agricultural country where almost 2/3 of the population of a country was cultivating. This agrarian structure, with dwarf farms, was not very profitable, because it did not give maintenance to its owner, and it had no prospects of development for the future. The most important issues were the remains of archaic ways of farming such as patchwork and land communities. Poland was not raised from the dead yet when the issue of the agrarian reforms divided politicians into two hostile camps. This state of the situation had disastrous influence on reformist conceptions because some parties had more and more radical watchwords and the other ones were falling into extreme conservatism. As a result of such conduct there was the establishment of agrarian relations. On 10th July, 1919 the Seym (the lower house of the Polish Parliament) adopted a resolution concerning the agricultural reform and on 15th July, 1920 following it a bill, which were both the result of the compromise. None of political options was satisfied of that bill, so nobody cared deeply about the realization of the bill. Władysław Grabski did not have to be concerned about the demands of the agricultural reform which were becoming more and more radical. The tension round the issue was his own fault, the consequence of the adoption of the tactic to find support in the Seym. The Prime Minister did not have any uniform, reformist manifesto. He was selecting his associates on the basis of the profit or the loss of votes in Parliament, not taking the realization of the bill into consideration. In the first half ol 1924, when the highest positions were taken by the people of the Right, Władysław Grabski was realizing the conception of the transformation of the agrarian structure using economic stimuli. Bigger properties were due to be taxed. At the same time some preparations were made to introduce State Agricultural Bank whose aim was to help in integrating of farmlands. To meet with support in Parliament Władysław Grabski resigned as Minister of Agricultural Reforms. W. Kopczyński, the candidate of the Polish Peasant Party „Liberation" was Władysław Grabski’s successor. It was unavoidable to introduce the issue of the agricultural reform in forum of the Seym where politics were more important than sober thinking. It was failure of reforms connected with the Polish country because politics once again won with a Polish raison d’etat.

2005-01-01T00:00:00Z Porczyńska, Anna http://hdl.handle.net/11089/13730 2018-02-01T11:19:59Z 2005-01-01T00:00:00Z

Przesłanki wizyty prezydenta Stanów Zjednoczonych Richarda Nixona w Moskwie w dniach 22-30 maja 1972 roku Porczyńska, Anna The Policy of Peaceful Competition realized by President of the United Stales Richard Nixon on the turn of 1960s and 1970s resulted in the peaceful dialogue between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics concerning disarmament. The circumstances of the summit talks in Moscow were: the inclination to consolidation of international security and peace propagated by the Eastern European Socialdemocratics in the conception of disengagement and conception of the peaceful coexistence of slates which have different social systems restored during the 20th and 22nd Congress of Communist Party of the USSR. Agreements about the fragmentary limitations of nuclear armaments were the proof of these conceptions on the turn of 1960s and 1970s. The other circumstances were: fiasco of the American policy in Wietnam and tense relations between Moscow and Peking, which were permitted The Nixon Administration to take the advantage of that rapprochement with the People’s Republic of China to establish a dialogue with the USSR. The encouragement to bcgining a dialogue was A Peaceful Programme, which Brezniev announced of the turn of March and April 1972 concerning a new foreign policy of the USSR to detente between East and West. The fundamental circumstance of the summit talks in Moscow was the acknowledgement by the United States and the USSR, at the end of 1960s, that nuclear parity exsisted, which was linked with continual expenses for armaments and new technology of armaments by both powers. Moreover, the leaders of the USSR wanted to sign the economic agreement with the United States which would allow to avoid disastrous economic situation in the USSR. One should add the efficient control of the realization of the agreements accepted by the states in the field of disarmament which was possible due to using the national technical control measures. All these circumstances resulted in the visit of the President of the United Stales in Moscow in May 1972 and it initiated signing the agreements of limitation of strategic armaments, scientific, technical and cultural cooperation between both superpowers.

2005-01-01T00:00:00Z