http://hdl.handle.net/11089/55828 2026-04-10T09:21:11Z 2026-04-10T09:21:11Z Polkowska, Zofia http://hdl.handle.net/11089/55843 2025-07-05T01:28:03Z 2025-06-30T00:00:00Z

Impact of Costs on Legal Risk of CHF Foreign Currency Mortgage Loans in Shaping Financial Performance of Selected Banks Polkowska, Zofia The purpose of the article. Costs associated with legal risks, including those arising from the need to carry out loan conversions, compensate borrowers, and court or settlement costs, are an element that affects the profitability of banks that have granted such loans. The purpose of this article is to indicate the impact of costs associated with the legal risk of foreign currency mortgage loans in CHF in the context of the financial performance of selected banks in Poland. Particular attention was paid to the impact of costs related to litigation, the settlement process and loan conversions on the financial performance of banks. The article uses an analysis of studies and data published by financial safety net institutions and an analysis of the financial results of banks operating in the Polish banking sector. Due to the provisions made, banks are more prepared for the challenge of the materialization of legal risks related to foreign currency housing loans. However, it should be emphasized that this risk will be one of the main factors affecting the situation of banks in the coming years. The article complements the existing body of research on legal risk provisions with the impact of the level of provisions on the financial performance of banks operating in the Polish banking sector.Methodology. The article uses an analysis of studies and data published by financial security network institutions, as well as an analysis of the financial results of banks operating in the Polish banking sector that have the largest share of foreign currency loans in their portfolios: PKO BP S.A., Millennium S.A., Santander S.A. and mBank S.A.Results of the research. The analysis of the role of costs related to the legal risk of foreign currency mortgages in CHF in shaping the financial performance of selected banks in the Polish banking sector, indicates that this risk has a significant impact on the financial performance of the studied institutions. Due to the provisions made, banks are more prepared for the challenge of materialization of legal risk related to foreign currency housing loans. However, it should be emphasized that this risk will be one of the main factors influencing the situation of banks in the coming years. Based on the analysis, it is shown that the level of provisions made by banks related to the legal risk of foreign currency housing loans is increasing.

2025-06-30T00:00:00Z Król, Patryk Janusz Jędrzejewski, Piotr http://hdl.handle.net/11089/55839 2025-07-05T01:28:02Z 2025-06-30T00:00:00Z

Analiza bibliometryczna badań nad ESG Król, Patryk Janusz; Jędrzejewski, Piotr The purpose of the article. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the academic literature on Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) topics within the domains of economics, business, and finance. By examining 4,499 documents indexed in the Web of Science (WoS) database from 2006 to 2024, the study aims to identify key trends, research clusters, influential publications, and knowledge gaps in ESG-related research.Methodology. The methodology involves the use of the Bibliometrix package and its graphical interface Biblioshiny, which enabled advanced science mapping techniques, including co-citation, co-authorship, and keyword co-occurrence analyses. Data were filtered based on relevant WoS categories, and analytical metrics included publication growth rates, citation statistics, authorship patterns, and thematic clustering.Results of the research. The results reveal a rapidly growing interest in ESG, with an annual publication growth rate of 38.83% and an increasing focus on topics such as corporate performance, cost efficiency, disclosure practices, and governance structures. Four major thematic clusters were identified: ESG disclosure and firm performance, CSR and sustainability, corporate financial management, and emerging markets. The analysis highlights a growing integration of ESG into investment strategies and corporate governance, though the causal mechanisms linking ESG performance to financial outcomes remain insufficiently explained. The study concludes that ESG has evolved into a multidimensional and strategic framework, surpassing CSR in conceptual precision and regulatory relevance.

2025-06-30T00:00:00Z Szmigiel, Kamila http://hdl.handle.net/11089/55842 2025-07-05T01:28:04Z 2025-06-30T00:00:00Z

NBP Monetary Policy in 2020–2022 in the Light of Central Banks' Responses to External Shocks Szmigiel, Kamila The purpose of the article. The aim of the article was to assess the effectiveness of monetary policy implementation under conditions of strong external shocks on the example of selected central banks and its implications for the formation of inflation expectations, taking into account the socio-demographic characteristics of selected groups of respondents.Methodology. Study on the assessment of the scale and effectiveness of selected central banks' actions under monetary shocks caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia's aggression against Ukraine, data analysis, analysis of results of two surveys conducted by the Author.Results of the research. The survey results showed that the activity of the central bank in the area of monetary policy in Poland under conditions of shock is characterized by low effectiveness in the opinion of financial market customers. The chi2 analysys proved that socio-demographic factors such as place of residence, gender, age, occupational status, current level of monthly net income, loan liabilities held and the scale of savings held may influence the evaluation of the effectiveness of the central bank’s policies in Poland.

2025-06-30T00:00:00Z Zengin, Burcu Bolek, Monika http://hdl.handle.net/11089/55840 2025-07-05T01:28:01Z 2025-06-30T00:00:00Z

The Relationship Between ESG Scores and Net Profit Growth in the Light of Factors Determining It Zengin, Burcu; Bolek, Monika The purpose of the article. The aim of the article is to analyze the growth of net profits in the context of factors influencing it, taking into account ESG strategy implemented by companies.Methodology. In the research, data from 238 matured, European companies, covering the period from 2013 to 2023, was analyzed. OLS models were tested, taking into account heteroscedasticity correction.Results of the research. As a result of the research, it was found that the profitability of assets and their size have a positive impact on the increase in net profits of the surveyed enterprises, but ESG has a negative influence on this increase, with environmental and social scores being statistically significant, while governance does not significantly affect the increase in profits, and therefore value creation.

2025-06-30T00:00:00Z