Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica nr 146/1998WYBRANE PROBLEMY Z ZAKRESU MIĘDZYNARODOWYCH STOSUNKÓW EKONOMICZNYCHhttp://hdl.handle.net/11089/63122024-03-08T22:40:22Z2024-03-08T22:40:22ZEFTA, CEFTA - próba porównania dwóch stref wolnego handluJanicka, Małgorzatahttp://hdl.handle.net/11089/63622021-06-28T14:19:13Z1998-01-01T00:00:00ZEFTA, CEFTA - próba porównania dwóch stref wolnego handlu
Janicka, Małgorzata
The aim of the works is to present free trade areas, the European Free Trade Area and
the Central European Free Trade Area, as far as their similarities and differencies are
concerned. The EFTA, the group in the process of its activity decline and the CEFTA, which
has been operating for two yean, have two important common features. Firstly, both of them
are only a preliminary stage for the countries trying to become members of the European
Community and secondly they constitute a free trade area.
But on the other hand we can notice substantial differencies between them. At the moment
of setting up the organizations, both the level of the social, economic and political development
of the EFTA and the CEFTA countries and volume of their mutual commodities exchange
were not equal.
In the 1960s the EFTA became an alternative for the West European countries, which
did not want to or just could not join the EEC. The CEFTA came into being as the
consequence of the important event in Central Europe - some post-socialist countries signed
the European Agreement with ihe EEC. The lack of similar agreement among these countries
could cause disadvantages in Ujeir mutual trade. There was also the political reason - the
East European countries were afraid of the possible restoration of the powerful, eastern neighbour.
This article is an attempt o f answering the question: are the similarities between the EFTA
and the CEFTA so strong, thal we are given the right to identify one group with the other?
1998-01-01T00:00:00ZRestrukturyzacja zadłużenia Polski do roku 1990Stachowiak, Piotrhttp://hdl.handle.net/11089/63582018-02-01T11:17:28Z1998-01-01T00:00:00ZRestrukturyzacja zadłużenia Polski do roku 1990
Stachowiak, Piotr
In 1981 Poland lost ability of servicing its debt. Restructuring of the debt seemed to be
the most important proposal of solution this problem.
Restructuring of the debt is an instrument which was used to lessen the burden of the
servicing of the debt. It consists in postponing of the payment due in a given year (or after
several years - overdue payments) to a new period, with a new schedule being agreed upon.
During the years 1981-1990 Poland signed five debt restructuring agreements with official
creditors (Paris Club) and six agreements with commercial banks.
Restructuring did not prove to be successful way of solution to our debt problem. It was
only a rescheduling in time of the debt.
1998-01-01T00:00:00ZZadłużenie zewnętrzne a wzrost gospodarczy - analiza długookresowaMotowidlak, Tomaszhttp://hdl.handle.net/11089/63562021-09-23T09:18:41Z1998-01-01T00:00:00ZZadłużenie zewnętrzne a wzrost gospodarczy - analiza długookresowa
Motowidlak, Tomasz
This study has attempted to provide an analytical framework for the discussion of problem
of debt servicing capacity of the developing countries, which are the major international
borrowers today.
1 have concerned on analysing debt servicing problems of a hypothetical primary producing
country which has a reasonably ambitions income growth target; which relies on foreign loans
at conventional terms financing a considerable portion of its investment program; which has
a relatively closed economy and cannot rapidly expand its exports of primary commodities,
due to world market conditions. The fundamental difficulty is that the theory of debt servicing
capacity has not yet been formulated, despite the fact that some aspects of the problem have
been fairly thoroughly explored. This study is an attempt to define the “ safe level" of
idebtedness which shouldn’t be exceeded.
Among factors influencing the level mentioned above we can define some factors which
are important in a short term, others are active in a long term and they will be the subject
of this study.
1998-01-01T00:00:00ZRynek usług w PolsceOsowska-Chrząszcz, Jolantahttp://hdl.handle.net/11089/63552018-02-01T11:17:31Z1998-01-01T00:00:00ZRynek usług w Polsce
Osowska-Chrząszcz, Jolanta
In recent years services have become a dominating sector oľ many highly developed
economies. The “ industrial era” has already been over and those countries have transformed
into ’’services economies” , where service activities account for over 60% of their GDP.
The service sector in Poland seems to be backward as services have been considered
unproductive for many years.
Nowadays, this sector undergoes many substantial changes, which results are visible in
banking, telecommunication and touristic services. This process is convergent upon the deep
transformations taking places in the whole Polish economy.
1998-01-01T00:00:00Z