http://hdl.handle.net/11089/21983 2026-04-22T01:21:50Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/22124 Groty broni drzewcowej o cechach skandynawskich w kulturze luboszyckiej Andrzejewska, Agata; Demkowicz, Karol The armament from the Luboszyce culture is a true mix of influences coming either from the West, East or even the North. The contacts with the last of these have already been mentioned in the publications dealing with the cultural processes in the basins of middle Oder and Elbe rivers, however, in none of them was the true intensity of this phenomenon emphasized with proper strength. The purpose of this article is to change this situation by focusing on the category of shafted weapons’ heads. Scandinavianlike artifacts of this type from the territory of the Luboszyce culture are dated mostly within the C1b and C2 periods. However, some single loose (and thereby devoid of reliable context) finds that represent the head types of lesser chronological sensitivity might even be positioned as early as the phase C1a, while others as late as phase C3. The overall number of northern type spearheads is 19 from the total of 102 finds of this weapon category from the culture in question, which brings a strong 18% ratio. As far as javelin heads are concerned (3 are known from the discussed territory), all of tchem show Scandinavian influence. This means that the population of the Luboszyce culture maintained really intense contacts with the North in the very time of the unrests that led to the creation of the Danish bog deposits. In the discussed group of artifacts one peculiar feature can be observed. Many of the Scandinavian - like spearheads have a conic (or pyramid) – shaped area of transition between the socket and the leaf. Similar elements can be observed in late roman period spearheads both from the Northern circle and Przeworsk culture, but in either case they are rather infrequent. Within the Luboszyce culture spearheads with the mentioned feature constitute a 10% of the whole weapon category, while among Scandinavianinfluenced artifacts they fetch a 37%. This means that conic/pyramid - shaped socket/leaf transition is far more widespread among northern type spearheads from the Luboszyce culture than they are in genuine Scandinavian contexts. All these peculiarities deserve further, intensive and in-depth studies. Let’s hope further excavations and new finds as well as new research (including laboratory methods such as metallographic examination) of the existing artifacts will enable us to understand their significance better. 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/22123 Uzbrojenie z cmentarzyska kultury luboszyckiej w Sadzarzewicach, pow. Krosno Odrzańskie Andrzejewska, Agata; Demkowicz, Karola The cemetery in Sadzarzewice (former Sadersdorf) is one of the most important archaeological sites in Lower Lusatia and it dates back to the pre-Roman and Roman iron ages. It was included into the Luboszyce culture by Grzegorz Domański in his work from 1979. Along with two other cemeteries, located nearby in Grabice and Luboszyce, the Sadzarzewice complex constitutes the oldest chronological horizon of this taxonomic group, and the region is regarded as the starting point of its later expansion. Despite the site’s great significance for the prehistory studies of the Oder basin, its state of study is far from satisfactory. This is mostly due to the fact it was discovered and explored at the end of the XIXth century, that is in the time archaeological methods were still in development. Further complication was caused by the history of the region – nearly all of the artifacts were lost during WWII, and as an effect, the cemetery’s inventory is known only from a publication dating back to 1895. Nevertheless, during my research for my dissertation on the armament of the Luboszyce culture, I managed to identify a couple of those lost finds. This small group consisted of an ornamented spearhead, an untypical javelin- or arrowhead, and a shield grip. The total number of Roman iron age weapon and equestrian equipment finds from the cemetery is 41 – 4 swords, 2 sword scabbard belt loops, 2 axes, 6 spearheads, 2 javelin heads, 7 arrowheads, 4 shield bosses, 2 shield grips and 12 spurs. The artifacts from Sadzarzewice fit into the phase B2b–C2 (late 2nd–3rd cent. A.D.) range. Those weapons that were possible to date with considerable precision can be situated within the phase C1, some even can be as old as B2b, although there is no certain evidence of such early chronology. Another notable feature of the Sadzarzewice artifacts is the evidence of various interregional influences – either from the West (the Elbian circle) and East (the Wielbark and Przeworsk cultures) which phenomenon, although characteristic for the Luboszyce culture in general, is best observed in the early stages of this unit’s development. 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/22121 Doryforos w pancerzu – czyli o wizerunku Augusta z Prima Porta słów kilka Kwaśny, Mariusz Images of emperors of Julio-Claudian dynasty and especially the most famous representation of Octavian Augustus of Prima Porta, became the prototype representation of emperors-officers for the representatives of the next dynasty wielding Roman Empire. Statue of Augustus, no doubt modeled on Doryphoros – a statue made by Polykleitos (sculptor-foundry of classical Greek era) is an example of the propaganda image of the emperor. Statua loricata – a statue of Octavian in the breastplate – presents emperor during adlocutio – speech addressed to the army. Models of classical Greek sculpture exhibit at the statue of the emperor by using position called contrapposto and deification of the emperor by showing him barefoot. Among other things, lack of shoes indicates that the statue of Octavian was made after the death of the ruler. The divine pedigree of the emperor was also marked by the attributes that are on his right leg – Cupid and dolphin. Head of Augustus was also performed on the model Doryphoros, and its distinctive hairstyle is defined as a „Primaporta” type. The most important element of the Prima Porta statue of the emperor is his breastplate. Armor classified as a torso cuirass is here as long type – with the downward extension, meant to protect the lower abdominal part. Armor probably originally made of leather, on the statue of Octavian is very richly decorated with historical and mythological reliefs. In the central part of the armor was shown a scene that shows the Parthians transferring military signs (signum militare) that have been lost by Marcus Crassus in 53 BC. On both sides of middle scene, were placed two women – personifications of lands conquered by Rome. The whole presentation is observed by the images of deities: Tellus Mater – Mother of Earth, Apollo, Diana, the god of the Sun – Sol, goddess of the moon – Luna and the God of heaven – Caelus. Statue of Augustus from Prima Porta combines classical designs of sculptures of Polykleitos period and contemporary elements of the propaganda of the imperial policy of the Augustus principate. Sculpture showing the first emperor of the Roman Empire, dressed in breastplate has become an example image of the rulers shown as the leaders of the army but also showing the immense power of propaganda policy. 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/22122 Honorific Statues for Gaius and Lucius Caesar Sawiński, Paweł Jedną z bardziej prestiżowych form uhonorowania członków rodziny panującej, w okresie rządów Augusta, było wystawienie na ich cześć posągów. W niniejszym artykule skoncentrowałem się na wybranych przykładach posągów dedykowanych Gajuszowi i Lucjuszowi Cezarom, wnukom i adoptowanym synom Augusta, które fundowano na ich cześć w Rzymie oraz na terenie prowincji. Przedmiotem mojego zainteresowania był przede wszystkim kontekst historyczny oraz okoliczności wystawienia tych posągów, a także z czyjej inicjatywy zostały one ufundowane. Z przeprowadzonej analizy wynika, że powody wystawienia posągu mogły być różne. Jednym z nich było np. włożenie togi męskiej (toga virilis) przez synów Augusta, z czym wiązało się oficjalne rozpoczęcie przez nich kariery politycznej. Impulsu do ufundowania wielu posągów honoryfikacyjnych dostarczyła również wizyta Gajusza na terenie prowincji wschodnich. Mieszkańcy tamtejszych regionów podkreślali w ten sposób swoją lojalność i sympatię dla dynastii panującej. W przeważającej mierze inicjatorem wystawienia grup statuarycznych ku czci obu braci na terenie prowincji byli przedstawiciele lokalnych elit lub miejscowe władze (Rada, Zgromadzenie). Nie mamy żadnych podstaw, aby zakładać jakąkolwiek ingerencję w tym względzie ze strony cesarza, bądź senatu. Wydaje się, że mieszkańcy prowincji byli doskonale zorientowani w tym, w jaki sposób wypada uhonorować najważniejszych przedstawicieli domus Augusta. O wysokiej randze tych zaszczytów świadczy m.in to, gdzie sytuowano omawiane posągi. Były one najczęściej stawiane w najbardziej prestiżowych miejscach miast Italii i prowincji, takich jak: agora, teatr, czy świątynia. W taki sposób honorowano jedynie cesarza oraz najbliższych członków dynastii panującej. Zapoczątkowany w okresie pryncypatu Augusta zwyczaj wystawiania na cześć następców tronu posągów honoryfikacyjnych, stał się za rządów kolejnych cesarzy z dynastii julijsko-klaudyjskiej powszechną praktyką. 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z