http://hdl.handle.net/11089/50938 2026-04-06T18:02:23Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/51742 Porozumienia monetarne w starożytnej Grecji Adam-Magnisali, Sophia The subject-matter of the paper is the presentation of forms in which there was integration of means of payment that led Greek nation-town (polis) to the acceptance of a common currency. The pretext for these considerations became the introduction of the monetary circulation in Euro in Greece on 01.01.2002. The author in his article shows that the idea of a common currency was known in the poleis already in the 4 th century B.C. On the bases of finds of coins, it was determined that about the year 570 B.C., the Aeginetan stater, known also as "turtle" (chelona) was in circulation in Greek territory in the east as well as in trade by barter between the islands. This proves also that in reference to Aegina, Athens, Corinth talking about the functioning of coins of international range, and even the expression of them as "international currency" are substantial. A lot of attention is also devoted to the reasons that led to the usage of common coins, as a consequence of making alliances (e.g. military), unions and leagues. Those coins, in the last cases, were minted only on special occasions (e.g. payment to mercenaries) as a result their sphere was relatively smaller. In the assessment of the author, the numismatic proofs are of significant importance, because of the Jack of other documents and historical sources, to prove the fact that the idea of monetary uniformity is connected to the history of the ancient world. In order to accentuate this observation, present the example of the owl, which symbol is on the coin that has the value of one Euro. The omission of the existence of monetary agreements already in ancient Greece is therefore not justifiable when considering modern financial relationships. 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/51741 Ocena prawdziwości zeznań na podstawie analiz behawioralnych i wokalnych wskaźników emocji Hołyst, Brunon The assertion, if an individual is lying or telling the truth is not a simple task; one of the basic problems in this case is excess information. There are too many sources of information- words, breaks, sound of the voice, movements of the head, gestures, position of the body, breath, reddening of the skin, becoming pale, sweating, which must be analysed simultaneously. The sources can pass on information at the same time or successively, competing with one another as to which is the most important in the process of lie detection. One does not have to treat all that is heard and seen with the same precision. Not all available sources of information during hearings are trustworthy. In addition, some of them give more data than others. It is worth mentioning that most people concentrate their attention on such sources as words and mimics. People that purposely tell lies usually do not monitor, control and disguise all their behaviour. Even if they want to do so, they would probably not be able to behave absolutely in an effective way. It is difficult to imagine that someone can control every potential behaviour that involves the whole body. People like these rather conceal and fake those features, which they feel, would be most observed. They have the tendency to choose words with the highest caution. So the problems arising from the evaluation of the authenticity of the testimonies made the purposes of this paper. 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/51740 Pojęcie granic orzekania sądu odwoławczego w procesie karnym Izydorczyk, Jacek The article titled "The Concept of the Bounds of Adjudication at the Court of Appeal in Pena! Proceedings" deals with the complicated problem of precise usage of terminology in the scope of appeal proceedings in penal cases- especially on the bases of the Code of Penal Proceedings of 1997 (k.p.k.). The first thing to do was to characterise the model of proceeding during appeal in the Polish pena! procedure, then there was an attempt to put in order the concepts involved in that phase of the proceeding. The following concepts are mentioned there: the concept of appeal itself, complaining, devolution and suspensiveness (absolute and relative), efficacy, admissibility of such measure, the right to its application, so-called gravamen (otherwise known as the importunity of the pronouncement) and the reformationis in peius prohibition and others. However, special attention is paid to the distinction of the following concepts: the bounds of appeal and bounds of pronouncement of the court of appeal by consulting the rich literature on the subject and in consequence the acknowledgement (on the bases of the regulations of Code of Penal Proceeding of 1997), that the bounds of prosecution (that means the scope in which the pronouncement was prosecuted). The scope of the pronouncement of the court of appeal is additionally earmarked by three elements: a) raised objections of appeal (that is showing a concrete fault in making pronouncement); b) the line of appeal (that is the relationship of this type of measures and the interests of the suspect) and the reformations in peius prohibition (the limitation of the possibility of the pronouncement to the disadvantage of the suspect), and c) the so-called ne peius prohibition, which the substantial pronouncement of the court of appeal (through the prohibition of the conviction of the suspect or the aggravation of the punishment of deprivation of liberty for him as defined in art. 454 k.p.k.) but they are not related to the line of the remedy of law. 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/51739 Czynności wyjaśniające w sprawach o wykroczenia (uwagi de lege lata i de lege ferenda) Wójcicka, Barbara The article is devoted to the analysis of the institution in charge of clarifying activities in cases concerning petty offences. The author discussed the objective, the character of clarifying activities, and the conditions of their application and also the significance of these activities in the proceeding. The evolution of the scrutinised institution in the development of the Polish petty offences law was shown in the article; attention was also paid to the proposal of successive changes that can lead to the simplification and the acceleration in the proceedings concerning cases prosecuted as petty offence. The realisation of this objective is aimed at, among others, the introduction of obligatory requirement of establishing the clarifying activities before placing the motion for punishment by the public prosecutor and also the necessity of interrogation of the suspect during these activities. 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z