http://hdl.handle.net/11089/6265 Wybrane zagadnienia z zakresu handlu zagranicznego 2026-04-05T20:38:34Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/6310 Charakterystyka rozliczeniowej i kredytowej działalności Międzynarodowego Banku Współpracy Gospodarczej Włodarczyk-Guzek, Wiesława The article is an attempt at a comprehensive presentation of the financial activity of the International Bank of Economic Cooperation in its historical and statistical approach. Accordingly, the author discusses its alms ensuing from the Banks statutes, its organization, structure of financial resources at the disposal of this organization, which provides a background for analysis of the evolution in the international settlements and credits operations of the Bank. The author has reached a conclusion that the previous experience in application of the international system of settlements and credits executed in the common currency of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance testifies to the fact that the Bank has managed to attain many of its objectives as formulated in its statutes. However, improvement of the Bank’s operations in the area of settlement in the transferable rouble should be treated as a continuous process, and the Bank systematically adopt new solutions aiming at gradual shift towards multilateral settlements. 1985-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/6309 Polityka substytucji importu a wielkie korporacje ponadnarodowe Stalmaszczyk, Maciej The article analyzes the anti-import strategy of economic development. The example of Latin America's countries allows the author to analyze genesis and characteristics of the import-substitution policy. This policy is divided in to four stages according to the goal and sources of financing. The performed analysis allows to determine causes and consequences of limited effectiveness of the import-substitution policy. The further part of the article is devoted to analysis of possibilities of utilizing the economic and organizational potential possessed by big supranational corporations in such a direction that the import-substitution policy could become an important instrument employed in the economic policy by the developing countries. This solution calls for adoption of different forma of cooperation between governments of the developing countries and boards of supranational corporations from those pursued by many countries in the region under survey with in the so - called economic nationalism. Although the article concerns the countries of Latin America, the conclusions afforded by the performed analysis maybe applied also in relation to the remaining developing countries. 1985-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/6290 Niektóre aspekty intensywnej polityki kredytowej krajów socjalistycznych na tle współpracy naukowo - technicznej Wschód-Zachód Niewinowski, Marek The article attempts to analyzing relationships between the passive credit policy adopted by the socialist countries and import of technology from the West. It is focused on two main areas. The first of them connected with import of technology end problems accompanying it , while the other one concerns the credit policy and its impact on foreign trade and economic growth. The author presents an opinion that the role of scientific and technical progress in economic growth will be growing more than proportionally in relation to the overall rate of growth. It is stated next that at the present time a desire of any country to dynamize and modernize its economy and to attain an enhanced and leading level of technical know-how is linked inseparably with its participation in widely understood international scientific and technical cooperation, and especially in exchange of technologic a l and scientific achievements. On the other hand, a country’s increasingly wider participation in the international division of labour in the sphere of research and development promotes creation and consolidation of its own scientific and technical potential, and enhancement. 1985-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/6289 System kredytowania dewizowego inwestycji na zasadzie samospłaty Matusiak, Zenon The strategy of Poland 's economic development in the period following 1970, which was called a strategy of accelerated socio economic development, was characterized with a desire to ensure an active participation for Poland in the international division of labour, rapid "external opening up" of the economy, and utilization of extern al factors of growth. The system of extending hard-currency credits to finance in vestment projects based on the self-repayment principle i . e . repayment of obtained credits by selling the effects of commissioned investment projects became an instrument in accomplishment of the strategy conceived in this way. As a result, the self-repayment principle became synonymous with subjecting import of investment goods from capitalist countries to an obligation of repaying its costs with exports to the markets of these countries . The self-repayment principle W3S to accomplish two basic goals in the Polish economy: 1) create conditions securing implementation of an accelerated economic development, 2 ) stimulate growth of profitable export striving in this way for an equilibrium in the payments balance . Within the framework of hard-currency credits for investments, there were financed the following types of projects : - planned investment projects (economic complexes), - planned purchases of ships , - construction of tourist facilities and hotels , - investment projects bringing fast returns . The main items to be purchased by means of hard -currency credits for these projects ware machines and equipment, know-how, raw materials , elements turned out on cooperation basis as well as complete turn-key projects and ships. The system of hard-currency credits underwent a tremendous evolution , which is reflected in verification of the elaborated programme of credits for complex projects and liberalization of principles according to which the utilized credits were to be repaid. All in all , the total value of credits extended over the years 1971-1900 amounted to 13.5 billion foreign exchange zlotys with 13.2 billion foreign exchange zlotys having been utilized. The financial obligations to be repaid as a result of these credits amount to 19.4 billion foreign exchange zlotys . The biggest share of all credits fell to complex investment projects . The remaining part of obtained credits was used for investment projects with fast returns (17.5%), tourist facilities and hotels (9 % ) and ships (8 .5 % ). The above data reveal that the investment projects put on stream owing to hard-currency credits held an important place in the investment policy of Poland in the seventies ; they exerted a huge Impact on modernization of industrial production but simultaneously, their influence on the payments balance was, to a big extent, negative. 1985-01-01T00:00:00Z