http://hdl.handle.net/11089/15504 Sat, 04 Apr 2026 20:15:11 GMT 2026-04-04T20:15:11Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/16089 Ocena zmian zachodzących na lokalnym rynku ciepła w latach 1998-2002 na przykładzie Dolnego Śląska i województwa opolskiego Gogolewska, Jadwiga The author presents a picture оf the local market of heating through changes in heating licences and in structure of heat production and sales pointing to these factors which have shaped this picture and consolidate it. The structure of heal production and sales was a basis fоr the author in determining a possible growth оf competitiveness in this market, which is hampered by the present composition оf heat engineering companies. Taking into account the structure of their assets it will be possible to diminish the degree of heat production and sales in companies characterised by small scale heat production or with spatially dispersed assets. Heat sources will be modernised more dynamically - especially in local heat engineering companies abandoning solid fuels - than in large companies. It is also pointed out that due to many factors, which reduced dynamics of demand for heat, development of the local heat market can lead to equipping communal facilities with central heating more effectively that it was the case earlier. Thu, 01 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/16089 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/16088 Problemy kształtowania rynku ciepła w okresie transformacji sektora elektroenergetycznego w Polsce Strumiłło, Marian; Kędziora, Włodzimierz; Kucharski, Ryszard The authors analyse primarily problems connected with development of the heat market in large cities. They point to economic and ecological advantages of a heat system based on removed sources of heat and comment on an uncritical transfer of the principle separating energy distribution and transmission in the electrical energy market to the production of thermal energy. Some arguments advanced by the authors come from experience of the Thermal Power Plants Complex in Lodz. Thu, 01 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/16088 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/16087 Przesłanki i podstawowe dylematy polskiej polityki energetycznej Dobroczyńska, Agnieszka; Juchniewicz, Leszek The Polish energy sector requires changes and the energy policy should be conceived Properly due to its interrelationships with the concept of Poland’s long-term development. A clear strategy concerning operation of the energy sector has been missing since 1989. Changes in government cabinets were accompanied by changes in the restructuring and privatisation concept and in the scope and pace of introducing competition principles. These are rather permanent dilemmas of the energy policy. A circumstance explaining but justifying this situation to a small extent is an exceptionally complex set of factors determining this policy. The authors attempted to explain it describing problems connected with choosing solutions corresponding to changing conditions. According to the authors, in order to accomplish a goal being undoubtedly strategic for the economic policy such as reduction of costs of the energy sector operation and achievin a rational level of prices and improving the state of energy security, in particular, in its economic and financial aspects, it is necessary primarily to continue the systemic transformation remembering all the time about interests of energy consumers and not its producers. It is the authors’ main recommendation. It should be underlined strongly that a special function performed by the State in this process is creating convenient conditions for emergence and operation of the energy market also in these fields, which do not lend themselves for thorough market reforms as yet. With regard to the energy sector it implies that the Government should pursue a policy of a consistent implementation of a priority of building competitive markets in accordance with the Energy Act and the EU directives. Directions of the energy policy and particularly the ownership policy should be clear also for those not involved directly in this sector and especially for investors so that they can shape the perspective of their development, make indispensable investment expenditures and conclude contracts favourable for them on the basis of such government document. Thu, 01 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/16087 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/16086 Doświadczenia Unii Europejskiej w liberalizowaniu krajowych rynków energii elektrycznej i gazu Kozak, Małgorzata; Sanderski, Andrzej It became necessary to liberalise or introduce competition principles to the electric energy and gas sectors due to their organisational form (monopolies) and burdens carried by their customers. Generally speaking, the liberalisation process in most EU countries was commenced when the directive concerning common principles governing the internal electricity market No. 96/92/EC and the directive concerning common principles of the internal gas market No. 98/30/EC were adopted. The directives regulated, in particular, such issues as transmission, distribution and trade in electric energy and gas, principles of organisation of sectors, a principle of access to the market (negotiated access to the system, regulated access to the system, and the single buyer model), rights and duties of distribution systems operators. The directives introduced a principle of gradual opening oľ markets, however, some member countries decided to accept considerably bigger quantities in comparison with those specified in the directives. Implementation of provisions contained in the directives released a downward trend in dynamics of electric energy and gas prices in most member countries. Despite it the introduction of competition rules to these sectors comes across difficulties. It is due not only to technical barriers (lack of a sufficient number of cross-border links) but also, for instance, to the fact that electric energy and gas are treated as goods the access to which should be guaranteed for all those interested in it. An additional problem is also the cost of access to a network, level and differentiation of transmission charges (post stamp model, distance charges, zone payments) in particular countries, which leads to the pancaking of transmission charges. It should be noted that liberalisation brings about major changes in economic situation of particular companies operating in the market of electric energy and gas, which involves their restructuring and primarily reduction of employment in these sectors. The liberalisation process is spread over years and necessitates numerous adjustments in organisational and legal fields. Its expression is a cycle of regulators’ meetings focussed on assessing steps taken by the member countries. Thu, 01 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/16086 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z