http://hdl.handle.net/11089/16702 Mon, 06 Apr 2026 22:21:49 GMT 2026-04-06T22:21:49Z https://dspace.uni.lodz.pl:443/bitstream/id/8411a3c3-6f04-480e-8e2a-48272feade7d/ http://hdl.handle.net/11089/16702 http://hdl.handle.net/11089/16733 Towarzystwa muzyczne w Królestwie Polskim (1870–1914) Jaworski, Wojciech In the years 1870–1914 in the Polish Kingdom was established in at least 38 associations, whose aim was to promote the music alone or with choral singing, and 2 trade unisons of musicians. During of the repression after January Uprising and reactionary rule of emperor Alexander III (to 1894) was legalized only 3 organizations, regulation social life (1894–1906) – 12, and liberalization (1906–1914) – 25. Out of province (between the years 1867–1912), the most music associations founded in Piotrków Province (18), which resulted from its potential economic and demographic. In Warsaw Province registered 6 associations, Kalisz – 4, Łomża and Lublin – 3. In terms of the type locality, 17 organizations established in provincial cities, 13 in country towns, 4 in other towns, and 2 in the villages. Most of them set up at 6 in Łódź and Warsaw, 2 in Lublin, Radom and Siedlce. In view of the attempt to create an organization for Jewish state authorities pursue policies limiting. In terms of socio-professional among the founders initially dominated by the townspeople sometimes supported by landed aristocracy. After the outbreak of the revolution in 1905, activity began to manifest petty, officials and workers. The creation of musical societies contributed mainly Poles, to a lesser extent Germans, Russians, French, Ukrainians and Jews. Thu, 01 Jan 2015 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/16733 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/16732 Działalność Milicji Obywatelskiej w Łodzi (sierpień 1914 – lipiec 1915 r.) Stawiszyńska, Aneta After leaving the city by the tsarist administration in the first weeks of the war, custody order took over the structure of organized spontaneously, the Civic Militia (MO). Łódź was divided into so-called. MO areas, which in turn were divided into so-called uczastki. One of the first tasks of a supervising public buildings in the city and on the protection of the local trees regularly robbed by fuel-free population. With time MO expanded his powers. With MO were many sections responsible for specific aspects of city life, eg. issues order, health and the fight against prostitution. Of particular importance was functioning as the Section on Legal Affairs and the Committee on reconnaissance conciliation, interim justice. After the town was captured by the German army in December 1914 MO was forced to implement regulations occupier. In January, 1915 MO was reorganized as a result, the positions remained only 1000 militiamen who received salaries since then. The militia was disbanded at the end of June 1915. One of the reasons were frequent conflicts MO with representatives of the occupation authorities. In place of MO was appointed Imperial Police Office. Despite the undeniable fraud and irregularities, MO activity has contributed to the development of civic awareness Lodzians. Thu, 01 Jan 2015 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/16732 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/16731 Cele i organizacja zakładów karnych w I Rzeczypospolitej Bieda, Justyna The features of prisons in old Poland, their role and the organization were changing along with the evolution of views on the aims and goals of punishment in the criminal justice system. Quite different is the picture when punishment is to have the rehabilitation effect and another if the basic premise of penal policy is the principle of deterrence, and not to amend the morality of the criminals (that was the situation in Poland until the 18th century). The imprisonment could be conducted in five different ways. The choice of prison was performer on the basis of the type of crime committed, but was the condition of the convict was also of some importance. At as early as in the 12–13th centuries there appeared prisons for people of lower states, to which burghers and peasants were sent. Initially, they acted as a preventive measure only. In the Middle Ages an upper tower, used mainly in relation to the nobility, was developed. It was an institution according to which the penance took place in decent, almost home-like, conditions. In the modern era, in the first half of the 16th century, there appeared a lower tower, which was often not so much a place of imprisonment, but slow death. The 18th century brought significant changes in the nature and function of prisons, which were associated with the incoming ideas of the Enlightenment to the Republic, according to which the penalty was meant to be a means of improvement and rehabilitation rather than retribution. Deposition in the tower, which was a place of repentance devoid of any factors of rehabilitation, was graduały replaced with sending the convicts to prison. Marshal prison should be noted since it stood for changes. It was a modern facility in which the sentenced were kept in very humanitarian as for those times conditions, and their moral advancement was of great interest so as to make sure they would not return on the criminal path. An important role played also the improvement houses and houses of forced labor, the essential aim of which was the improvement of prisoners’ morality and behaviour through work and prayer. Thu, 01 Jan 2015 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/16731 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/16730 Osiemnastowieczny Londyn − miasto warte grzechu Modłasiak, Monika The eighteenth-century London was a multicultural city, which attracted people from all over the world and all social classes. In the capital of England people tried to find the way to satisfy their desires and make their dreams come true. Due to economic and political changes, the city upon Thames was a great place to settle down. This article is an attempt to answer the questions: why so many people were visiting London and if it was a city worth a sin? Thu, 01 Jan 2015 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/16730 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z