http://hdl.handle.net/11089/19504 RYNEK PRACY I BEZROBOCIE Sun, 05 Apr 2026 14:11:11 GMT 2026-04-05T14:11:11Z https://dspace.uni.lodz.pl:443/bitstream/id/4efb8773-a4c4-4537-bf74-87b08475fa9a/ http://hdl.handle.net/11089/19504 http://hdl.handle.net/11089/19522 Koncepcja regionalnej polityki strukturalnej w Republice Federalnej Niemiec Dąbrowski, Adam The article contains a presentation of the main elements of the concept of regional structural policy of the Federal Republic of Germany. A point of departure for the analysis is a defnition of role and place of the regional structural policy within economic sciences. It allows to determine its role and scope, goals of particular entities and applied instruments. The regional structural policy holds a permanent place in the German economic thought as a part o f the economic policy pursued by the State. A specific character of the federal state implies special regulations concerning the problem of subjectiveness. Goals of the regional structural policy ensue from the pyramid of goals accepted within the framework of social market economy doctrine. The instruments applied have been subordinated to these goals. Both the theoretical experiments and the economic practice in Germany point a t the necessity of conducting a regional structural policy by the State irrespective of various discussions on the scope of state intervention in the economy. Sun, 01 Jan 1995 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/19522 1995-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/19521 Organizacja holenderskiej służby zatrudnienia Kukulak-Dolata, Iwona The article discusses the organizational structure and principles of activity of the Dutch public employment service. It operates in conditions of a market economy and it is composed of the following organizational units: the Central Employment Bureau, the Regional Employment Bureaus, the Employment Bureaus, and the Occupational Training Centres. On Boards of each of these units there are representatives of federations of employers, trade unions, and government officials. Such organization of these bureaus not only makes the State responsible for formulation of the employment policy but it allows for such policy to be created by entities influencing directly the processes occurring on the labour market. Executive decisions are decentralized. They are made in the regional bureaus, with allowances being made for specific characteristics of local labour markets. The main tasks of an employment bureau include intermediary functions in finding jobs, training and requalifying the unemployed In the process of adapting qualifications of the unemployed to requirements of the market an important role is played by the so-called ’collective labour agreements’ and branch employment plans. Owing to the separation of intermediary and socio-welfare (provision of unemployment benefits for unemployed persons) functions, the Dutch employment service can better solve the problems existing on particular labour markets. The organizational solutions presented in the article may serve as models, which could be partly borrowed by the institutional sphere of the Polish labour market. Sun, 01 Jan 1995 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/19521 1995-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/19519 Niektóre przyczyny ubóstwa i formy polityki przeciwdziałania (na przykładzie Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki Północnej) Kaźmierczak, Zbigniew The article analyzes problems of poverty in the American society classified among affluent societies. Poverty as a social and economic problem can be found everywhere in the world, but in the United States it has special repercussions. The author has made an attempt to answer two questions, which are of primary importance for the analyzed problem: 1) what arc the causes o f poverty? 2) which kind of policy is the most appropriate for elimination of poverty? A starting point or formulating answers to these questions is a definition of the state of poverty. In order to deľme and estimate the number of economically active persons there are needed criteria referring to characteristics o f economic activity o f individuals and their family situation. Both these issues have to be considered simultaneously wishing to grasp comprehensively the essence of the problem. The second important issue emerging in the course of defining unemployment is the concept of sufficient incomes and small earnings. The third problem is connected with the stan lards of poverty. It is a problem of technical nature and it is connected with measuring the size of households as a basis for estimation of incomes. Finally, the fourth problem connected with the identification of poverty are definitions of income and earnings. The main causes of poverty among population forming manpower resources are considered to be the following: 1) shortage of human capital; 2) insufficient demand for labour in the economy; 3) discrimination; and 4) structure of the labour market. The impact of human capital on employment prospects is explained by the theory of marginal productivity. The more human capital can be offered by an individual the bigger will be their marginal productivity in a given production process. Thus, individuals with a small human capital have a low marginal labour productivity and it is most likely that they will be obtaining a low pay or remain jobless. Possessing an appropriate human capital is not a guarantee of getting a satisfying job in itself. Qualifications and skills are attributes of labour supply. Meanwhile, the nature of market demand for labour is equally important. The third group of poverty causes includes derivatives o f discrimination. As a rule, persons belonging to minority and ethnic groups, women, and generations belonging to poor social strata do not have equal opportunities with others on the labour market. Among different hypotheses concerning causes of poverty in an affluent society a special role is played by theories voicing a decay of competition forces on the labour market accompanied by an emergence of mutually separated submarkets called segments. Among alternative policies aimed at counteracting poverty, the most efficient is considered the policy of increasing employment opportunities. In relation to persons encountering employment barriers all the lime, there should be sought solutions based on transfer benefits. Sun, 01 Jan 1995 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/19519 1995-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/19516 Charakterystyka gospodarcza województwa łódzkiego (wybrane aspekty) Zajdel, Mirosław As a result of institutional transformations taking place in Poland, the role of the Administrative Province of Łódź undergoes an evolution. The article discusses certain characteristics of this administrative province, its socio-economic functions and role during the present period of transformations in the socio-economic system. It is an attempt to explain transformations on the regional (provincial) scale occurring today. A special emphasis has been laid on a specific nature of changes necessitated by the transition to a market economy (among others, problems of unemployment, competititiveness and economic autonomy, privatization and restructuring of enterprises). The performed analysis has been based on data for the years 1990 1992 coming from the statistical yearbooks, reports of the Provincial Statistical Office in Łódź and the Provincial Labour Office. It should be added that a number of issues connected with transformations of the local economy have not been solved yet and they call for further studies. Sun, 01 Jan 1995 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/19516 1995-01-01T00:00:00Z