http://hdl.handle.net/11089/37952 Sun, 05 Apr 2026 20:10:22 GMT 2026-04-05T20:10:22Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/38256 Krajowe i międzynarodowe skutki deficytów budżetowych Wojtyna, Andrzej The budget deficit problem should be included into the sphere of the State real economic role. In this connection, it is necessary to emphasize relationships existing between the State involvement in the real sphere and effectiveness of its influence in the sphere of regulation. And although the nature of relationships between both spheres is multidimensional it may be assumed that a high budget dificit through exerting its negative influence on expectations of economic subjects increases their level of uncertainty and in this way it affects unfavourably effectiveness of the economic policy. Numerous misunderstandings in the debate on significance of budget deficits result from difficulties with their measurement them selves. It becomes necessary, on the one hand, to adjust real deficits by impact of inflation and take into account, on the other hand, the role of cyclical fluctuations. The theoretical debate on consequences of budget imbalance has been focussed in the last decade on the neo-Ricardian thesis about neutrality of budget deficit formulated by R. Barro in 1974. This thesis formulated from the viewpoint of the new classical economics and making allowances for assumptions about rational expectations of economic subjects is a focal point of the main controversial issues of the debate. Budget deficits are most certainlу linked with inflationary processes. Anyway, their interrelationship is bilateral and its essence has not been fully determined as yet. The impact of budget deficits on the level of interest rates deserves a special attention. Maintenance of high interest rates accompanied by the checking of inflationary processes is one of characteristic features of the economic situation in recent years. Budget deficits carry far-reaching implications also in their international dimension. Through interest rates they exert their influence on currency exchange rates and payments balances. Mon, 01 Jan 1990 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/38256 1990-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/38255 Zachodnioniemiecki rynek pracy - bezrobocie lat osiemdziesiątych Szukalski, Stanisław M. The analysis presented in this article is focussed on unemployment in the FRG. The author has presented the scale and dynamics of unemployment in the eighties and its basic structural characteristics. He advances a thesis that althougt unemployment in the FRG has its sources in business cycles it assumes features of structural unemployment. Next, the author discusses measures taken by the economic administration in relation to the labour market. The article ends with presentation of propositions advanced by some West German experts in relation to the sector of services, which should be paving the way for more rapid expansion of this sector and, thus, for alleviation of tensions in the labour market. Mon, 01 Jan 1990 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/38255 1990-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/38254 Współczesne teorie rynku siły roboczej na tle podniesienia się średniej stopy bezrobocia w rozwiniętych krajach kapitalistycznych Szeworski, Adam The article tackles the problem of the state of theoretical knowledge and ways of interpreting the unemployment phenomenon being extremely important for the contemporary theory and practice of economic activity in the capitalist system. A direct cause of a revival of discussions on this problem is a parallel maintenance of a high unemployment rate and a high inflation rate. Initially, more and more discussions were focussed on explaining causes of growth of an unemployment rate, and after the recession from the years 1980-1982 the main attention was concentrated on causes behind a lack of response on the part of unemployment level to a relative improvement in business situation (especially in Western Europe) and its maintenance at a higher level. In these discussions there clash two trends being continuation of the Keynesian-Neoclassical controversy about compulsory or voluntary character of unemployment . The second part of the article contains an attempt at confrontation of labour market theories discussed earlier on connected with attempts to explicate growth of unemployment basing on relevant statistical data referring mainly to the United States. The confrontation allows the author to advance a conclusion about detachment of most such theories, and especially the neoclassical theory, from the real developments. It points at their largely apologetic character striving to mask real causes of unfavourable changes occurring on labour markets and primarily growth of unemployment and its structural character. The empirical data presented in the article seem to support the Keynesian interpretation of observed changes, which does not conceal shortcomings of capitalism to the degree it is done by the neoclassical theory in its traditional or modified forms. Mon, 01 Jan 1990 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/38254 1990-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/38250 Drogi rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego kapitalizmu z perspektywy katolicyzmu współczesnego Spychalski, Gedymin The article represents an attempt at an overview of certain historio-philosophical problems connected with images of capitalism arising when reflecting upon the contemporary doctrine of social Catholicism. The main task is thus to point at forms of the future society outlined in this doctrine and paths leading to it. The ultimate goal of the article is to point out that the Catholic model of the future society becomes not so much a utopia of the reformed capitalism but rather a utopian model of bilateral transformations: reform or transforming both the capitalist and the socialist systems. Hence it is underlined that contrary to the formula of the topic in its strict sense what is meant here are not only "paths of development of capitalism" since these must be paths common for capitalism and socialism. In the final account the article shows a leading thought that for the contemporary Catholicism the world of future reveals itself as a typical convergence model to be realized through reforms of both the capitalist and the socialist systems. Mon, 01 Jan 1990 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/38250 1990-01-01T00:00:00Z