http://hdl.handle.net/11089/59463 Thu, 15 Oct 2026 23:24:23 GMT 2026-10-15T23:24:23Z https://dspace.uni.lodz.pl:443/bitstream/id/cc5ef67e-f4fe-451c-b9d7-d914ef57fff6/ http://hdl.handle.net/11089/59463 http://hdl.handle.net/11089/59474 Czynniki ekonomiczne jako determinanty atrakcyjności oferty sektora fintech dla klientów indywidualnych banków Świeszczak, Krzysztof The purpose of the article. The aim of this publication is to analyze the importance of economic factors for assessing the attractiveness of the FinTech sector’s offer among individual clients of the banking sector and the banking sector and the FinTech sector. The following hypothesis was put forward in the article: the average level of importance of economic factors for assessing the attractiveness of the FinTech sector’s offer does not differ statistically significantly for individual customers of the banking sector and individual customers of the banking sector and the FinTech sector.Methodology. To verify the hypothesis and achieve the purpose of the study, 240 PAPI interviews were conducted among banking-sector customers. The sample comprised:120 individual banking-sector customers who had not yet used FinTech services.120 individual banking-sector customers with experience using FinTech services.The questionnaire survey was preceded by in-depth interviews with experts, academics researching FinTech, and owners and co-owners of FinTech businesses.Results of the research. The research found that individual banking-sector clients who had not yet used FinTech services were more likely to agree that higher monthly expenditure, creditworthiness, income, and savings were associated with a higher assessment of the attractiveness of the FinTech sector’s offer. No statistically significant differences were found for the remaining statement. The results positively verify the hypothesis that the average importance of economic factors in assessing the attractiveness of the FinTech sector’s offer does not differ significantly between banking-sector clients and clients using both banking and FinTech services.; The purpose of the article. The aim of this publication is to analyze the importance of economic factors for assessing the attractiveness of the FinTech sector’s offer among individual clients of the banking sector and the banking sector and the FinTech sector. The following hypothesis was put forward in the article: the average level of importance of economic factors for assessing the attractiveness of the FinTech sector’s offer does not differ statistically significantly for individual customers of the banking sector and individual customers of the banking sector and the FinTech sector.Methodology. To verify the hypothesis and achieve the purpose of the study, 240 PAPI interviews were conducted among banking-sector customers. The sample comprised:120 individual banking-sector customers who had not yet used FinTech services.120 individual banking-sector customers with experience using FinTech services.The questionnaire survey was preceded by in-depth interviews with experts, academics researching FinTech, and owners and co-owners of FinTech businesses.Results of the research. The research found that individual banking-sector clients who had not yet used FinTech services were more likely to agree that higher monthly expenditure, creditworthiness, income, and savings were associated with a higher assessment of the attractiveness of the FinTech sector’s offer. No statistically significant differences were found for the remaining statement. The results positively verify the hypothesis that the average importance of economic factors in assessing the attractiveness of the FinTech sector’s offer does not differ significantly between banking-sector clients and clients using both banking and FinTech services. Wed, 30 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/59474 2026-09-30T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/59473 Transaction Structure and Activity Concentration in the Stellar Blockchain Register Iwanicki, Arkadiusz The purpose of the article. The aim of this article is to examine the Stellar payment network in terms of transaction dynamics over time, asset structure, and the concentration of participant activity using transactional data obtained from the public blockchain ledger.Methodology. The empirical investigation was conducted using a sample of 1,000 consecutive ledgers retrieved from the Stellar public ledger. The data were processed in the Python environment with the use of the pandas, matplotlib, and networkx libraries. Quantitative analytical methods were applied, including measurements of the number of operations, asset structure, transaction value distribution, and concentration analysis based on Lorenz curves, the Gini coefficient, and network centrality metrics within the transaction graph.Results of the research. The obtained evidence indicates a high level of activity concentration within the Stellar network – a small number of addresses account for the dominant share of transaction volume. The network structure exhibits a core–periphery pattern, in which a narrow group of highly central nodes plays a crucial role. The observed pattern reflects a structure typical of open blockchains – numerous marginal accounts and a small core that is strategically important for system liquidity. The findings may serve as a basis for further research on the decentralization and stability of payment systems built on blockchain technology. Wed, 30 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/59473 2026-09-30T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/59476 Credit Reporting Systems, Credit Risk and Access to Credit: Evidence from European Union Countries Kil, Krzysztof The purpose of the article. This paper analyses the impact of credit information exchange systems on banks’ credit risk and the availability of credit in European Union countries. The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between selected characteristics of credit information exchange systems – in particular, the scope of data processed and the level of population coverage by private credit bureaus and public registers – and the quality of banks’ loan portfolios and access to finance (taking into account the cost of bank credit).Methodology. The research covered the banking sectors of European Union countries over 2014–2024. Linear regression was used to examine the relationship between CRS characteristics, non-performing loans (NPLs), and credit availability. Dynamic panel data models were estimated using the GMM-SYS method, while static random-effects models were used to analyse credit spreads. The explanatory variables included credit data completeness, information on consumer income and insolvencies, and population coverage by private and public credit registers. Macroeconomic and sectoral indicators identified through a literature review were used as control variables.Results of the research. Research findings indicate that comprehensive credit information systems, including data on consumer insolvency, are associated with lower credit risk materialization and credit spreads. Broader coverage by private credit bureaus is linked to lower NPL levels and greater access to credit, whereas a greater role for public credit registers is associated with more limited access to finance. The development of CRS systems may also lead to more rigorous borrower selection, reducing the number of borrowers and credit accounts while improving loan portfolio quality. The findings indicate that data completeness is more important for credit market efficiency than the model used to build the information infrastructure. The inclusion of ESG data and BNPL liabilities in credit information is associated with changes in credit availability and pricing, but does not reduce credit risk. Wed, 30 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/59476 2026-09-30T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/59475 Spready w kursach walutowych CHF/PLN wybranych banków oferujących kredyty hipoteczne w Polsce Bolek, Cezary; Bolek, Monika The purpose of the article. The aim of the article is to assess the spreads on CHF/PLN exchange rates at selected banks offering mortgage loans in Poland in terms of their level, symmetry, and significant differences between the surveyed banks.Methodology. The analysis of spreads for CHF/PLN exchange rates was conducted in the Python environment using tools for examining Reference Rate Deviation from Midpoint Spread Coefficient and for the preliminary assessment of differences between spreads offered by the selected banks.Results of the research. It was found that the spread policies in banks were subject to changes and that differences existed between the surveyed entities in terms of setting bid and ask rates, and consequently, the currency spreads differences.Limitations: The limitations of the presented article are related to the research sample, which includes rates set by 6 selected banks offering mortgage loans on the Polish market. This limitation stems from a lack of access to the remaining data. Moreover, the assessment of spread differences is only a preliminary judgment; further tests with panel data and fixed effects analysis are necessary for final conclusions.; The purpose of the article. The aim of the article is to assess the spreads on CHF/PLN exchange rates at selected banks offering mortgage loans in Poland in terms of their level, symmetry, and significant differences between the surveyed banks.Methodology. The analysis of spreads for CHF/PLN exchange rates was conducted in the Python environment using tools for examining Reference Rate Deviation from Midpoint Spread Coefficient and for the preliminary assessment of differences between spreads offered by the selected banks.Results of the research. It was found that the spread policies in banks were subject to changes and that differences existed between the surveyed entities in terms of setting bid and ask rates, and consequently, the currency spreads differences.Limitations: The limitations of the presented article are related to the research sample, which includes rates set by 6 selected banks offering mortgage loans on the Polish market. This limitation stems from a lack of access to the remaining data. Moreover, the assessment of spread differences is only a preliminary judgment; further tests with panel data and fixed effects analysis are necessary for final conclusions. Wed, 30 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/59475 2026-09-30T00:00:00Z