http://hdl.handle.net/11089/6312 WYBRANE PROBLEMY Z ZAKRESU MIĘDZYNARODOWYCH STOSUNKÓW EKONOMICZNYCH Sun, 05 Apr 2026 08:10:13 GMT 2026-04-05T08:10:13Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/6362 EFTA, CEFTA - próba porównania dwóch stref wolnego handlu Janicka, Małgorzata The aim of the works is to present free trade areas, the European Free Trade Area and the Central European Free Trade Area, as far as their similarities and differencies are concerned. The EFTA, the group in the process of its activity decline and the CEFTA, which has been operating for two yean, have two important common features. Firstly, both of them are only a preliminary stage for the countries trying to become members of the European Community and secondly they constitute a free trade area. But on the other hand we can notice substantial differencies between them. At the moment of setting up the organizations, both the level of the social, economic and political development of the EFTA and the CEFTA countries and volume of their mutual commodities exchange were not equal. In the 1960s the EFTA became an alternative for the West European countries, which did not want to or just could not join the EEC. The CEFTA came into being as the consequence of the important event in Central Europe - some post-socialist countries signed the European Agreement with ihe EEC. The lack of similar agreement among these countries could cause disadvantages in Ujeir mutual trade. There was also the political reason - the East European countries were afraid of the possible restoration of the powerful, eastern neighbour. This article is an attempt o f answering the question: are the similarities between the EFTA and the CEFTA so strong, thal we are given the right to identify one group with the other? Thu, 01 Jan 1998 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/6362 1998-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/6358 Restrukturyzacja zadłużenia Polski do roku 1990 Stachowiak, Piotr In 1981 Poland lost ability of servicing its debt. Restructuring of the debt seemed to be the most important proposal of solution this problem. Restructuring of the debt is an instrument which was used to lessen the burden of the servicing of the debt. It consists in postponing of the payment due in a given year (or after several years - overdue payments) to a new period, with a new schedule being agreed upon. During the years 1981-1990 Poland signed five debt restructuring agreements with official creditors (Paris Club) and six agreements with commercial banks. Restructuring did not prove to be successful way of solution to our debt problem. It was only a rescheduling in time of the debt. Thu, 01 Jan 1998 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/6358 1998-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/6356 Zadłużenie zewnętrzne a wzrost gospodarczy - analiza długookresowa Motowidlak, Tomasz This study has attempted to provide an analytical framework for the discussion of problem of debt servicing capacity of the developing countries, which are the major international borrowers today. 1 have concerned on analysing debt servicing problems of a hypothetical primary producing country which has a reasonably ambitions income growth target; which relies on foreign loans at conventional terms financing a considerable portion of its investment program; which has a relatively closed economy and cannot rapidly expand its exports of primary commodities, due to world market conditions. The fundamental difficulty is that the theory of debt servicing capacity has not yet been formulated, despite the fact that some aspects of the problem have been fairly thoroughly explored. This study is an attempt to define the “ safe level" of idebtedness which shouldn’t be exceeded. Among factors influencing the level mentioned above we can define some factors which are important in a short term, others are active in a long term and they will be the subject of this study. Thu, 01 Jan 1998 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/6356 1998-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/6355 Rynek usług w Polsce Osowska-Chrząszcz, Jolanta In recent years services have become a dominating sector oľ many highly developed economies. The “ industrial era” has already been over and those countries have transformed into ’’services economies” , where service activities account for over 60% of their GDP. The service sector in Poland seems to be backward as services have been considered unproductive for many years. Nowadays, this sector undergoes many substantial changes, which results are visible in banking, telecommunication and touristic services. This process is convergent upon the deep transformations taking places in the whole Polish economy. Thu, 01 Jan 1998 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/6355 1998-01-01T00:00:00Z