http://hdl.handle.net/11089/6596 WYBRANE ZAGADNIENIA Z DZIEDZINY MIĘDZYNARODOWYCH STOSUNKÓW EKONOMICZNYCH Sun, 05 Apr 2026 16:23:20 GMT 2026-04-05T16:23:20Z https://dspace.uni.lodz.pl:443/bitstream/id/8379743b-8d22-4c3e-8951-6a83172a464b/ http://hdl.handle.net/11089/6596 http://hdl.handle.net/11089/6663 Bariery pozataryfowe w handlu Wschód-Zachód, analiza i ocena Dzikowska-Zawirska, Janina The main aim of this article is a nalysis of non-tariff barriers existing in East-West trade in the seventies and early eighties. The article consists of two parts. In the first part, the authoress presents var ious factors affecting mutual trade and statistical data concerning this trade. The second part discusses the main non-tariff barriers hampering East-West trade. The article ends with deliberations on the ways of solving the; analysed problem. Fri, 01 Jan 1988 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/6663 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/6656 Warunki korzystania z zewnętrznych źródeł finansowania rozwoju gospodarczego Polski w latach 1970-1990 Buczkowski, Bogdan Mirosław Possibilities and terme of utilizin g externa l sources of financing were in the seventies and they will be in the eighties one of significant elements of external determinants affecting Poland 's economic strategy. In the first half of the seventies, the Western creditors were displaying a relatively big readiness to extend their credits to Poland, while the terms on which these credits were granted were relatively advantageous (low interest rate, long repayment periods). The terms of obtaining credits in the capitalist countries deteriorated cons iderably in the second half of the seventies. It was caused both by a rise in the interest rate in the Western monetary and capital markets (due to in crease in inflation rate) and deterioration of Poland’s credit s tanding. Consequently, Poland was getting credit terms worse than average (higher interest rate s and shorter repaymentt ime). In the early eighties, Poland did not have any possibilities of contracting new credits in the industrialized capitalist countries (wi th the exception of insingnificant amounts of revolving credits), because the repayment of earlier credits had not been legally regulated. The private banks ceased to grant further credit s for economic reasons (big credit risk), while the government export-financing institutions had done that for political reasons. On the other hand, Poland obtained refinanced credits during this time whose terms were disadvantageous (worse than those which were stipulated in earlier credit agreements), although they did not depart from average costs of refinancing operations incurred by other debtor countries. The analysis of forecasts concerning basic economic indices in the industrialized capitalist countries for the years 1985- 1995 allows to draw a conclusion that the interest rate will be stabilzed at a relatively low level from 1986 (or it may be even further decreased). That will pave the way for reduction of costs connected with the servicing of previous debts and costs of contracting new credits in the period 1986- 1995. There is also likely to be increased the propensity of Western creditors to grant further credits to Poland as a result of increased creditreliabilityof Poland, which has been due to the country's admission to the International Monetary Fund and to its improved economic indices. Fri, 01 Jan 1988 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/6656 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/6655 Rola surowców w gospodarce i handlu światowym Nacewski, Jerzy The article presents an attempt at answering a quest ion whether changes generated by the so- c al led "energy crisis " and consisting in a substantial rise in prices of raw materials, and especially crude oil prices are permanent or temporary. The situation in the field of raw materials has been analyzed against the background of the world economy. The author has also assessed the strategy of the OPEC cartel involving reduction of crude oil production and increasing its prices stating tha it provided temporary benefits for the oil producing countries but, simultaneously, it released a whole range of adaptative responses including economical consumption of fuels and raw materials, as well as a search for new technologies aimed at savings of raw materials and energy. The OPEC strategy became a catalyst accelerating structural trans formations, especially in the highly developed countries. These transformations encompass an enhanced role of modern manufacturing industries at the cost of extractive industries. Accordingly, we shall be dealing with declining significance of raw materials in the world economy. Fri, 01 Jan 1988 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/6655 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/6654 Rynek przedsiębiorstw w strategii wielkich korporacji ponadnarodowych Stalmaszczyk, Maciej The article deals with international transactions whose object are companies. Acquisition of companies is a form of growth of capitalist firms. The author treats a company as a special commodity in the capitalist market conditions and he enumerates a number of characteristics, which are to justify this analogy. There are also listed seven factors determining the size of supply and demand on this market, as well as factors affecting the company price directly. The performed analysis has also encompassed technical elements of these specific transactions and constraints imposed on trade in companies by some capitalist states. Fri, 01 Jan 1988 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/6654 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z