Przegląd Nauk Historycznych 2004, R. III, nr 1http://hdl.handle.net/11089/196232024-03-28T23:05:34Z2024-03-28T23:05:34ZWilliam Penn a dylematy małżeństwa kwakrów w Anglii, w XVII wieku: wiara, procedury i doświadczenia życioweRobak, Piotrhttp://hdl.handle.net/11089/197482021-07-22T08:05:05Z2004-01-01T00:00:00ZWilliam Penn a dylematy małżeństwa kwakrów w Anglii, w XVII wieku: wiara, procedury i doświadczenia życiowe
Robak, Piotr
William Penn (1644-1718) as one of reformers of Christianity and one of Quaker
leaders refered to a dilemma of Quaker marriages in his religious activities and
his private life. The dilemma concerned the theological interpretation of marriage
and the procedures of wedding. These issues made part of a larger process of
the transformation of marriage institution in modem England. especially in the
XVII-th century.
The Quaker theology of marriage included in some pali the puritan thought of
wedding and the spiritual and the apocalyptic faith announced the revival of Christianity.
Penn shared the convictions but thanks to his religious knowledge he put
forward in his Right Marriage. etc. the need of spiritual love and the suitable selection
of partners as a source of later "Visible Harmony" of spouses. At the same time
Pen n took part in some central Quaker meetins where he worked out with other
leaders of "Society of Friends" the procedures of marriage ceremony to his coreligionists.
The activity of the meetings was indispensable to make legal and allowed
by the state the Quaker weddings but on the other hand it caused many quarrels in
the Quaker community in the second half of the XVII-th century.
Penn also presented his attitude towards the Quaker marriage ceremony in his
experiences. He got married twice. Penn in his choice of bride passed from the ideal
of "Visible Harmony" to controversial decision to his co-religionists but he made his
vows according to the Quaker marriage procedures.
2004-01-01T00:00:00ZObraz Sycylii i Sycylijczyków w polskim piśmiennictwie geograficznym XVIII wiekuKowalczyk, Małgorzata Ewahttp://hdl.handle.net/11089/197452018-02-01T11:21:05Z2004-01-01T00:00:00ZObraz Sycylii i Sycylijczyków w polskim piśmiennictwie geograficznym XVIII wieku
Kowalczyk, Małgorzata Ewa
The Polish geographic literature of XVIll1h century presented a lot of infomlation
about distant countries and their inhabitants. At the same time it fonned a picture
of them in the consciousness of Polish society. On the one hand. the representatives
of Polish Republic were fascinated by the beauty of Sicilian landscape - charm of
the Ionic Sea coast and grim of Etna. On the other hand, they admired the attraction
of land overflowed by old Greek monuments. The descriptions of Sicily often were
diversified by stories about curiosities and strange things of nature which were to
find in the different nooks of the island. Apart from that contemporary Sicilians
attracted attention of many Polish authors. Their features of characters, manner of
life and customs were widely documented in the geographic literature of XVIII'"
centUly Generally. the analysis of contemporary sources convince the author that
school education, which lied in reading of textbooks and browsing of many issued
in that time geographic compendiums. could gave to many Polish pupils and other
readers good knowledge about xvmlh century's Sicily and Sicilians. There was the
image which could be generally called reliable.
2004-01-01T00:00:00ZRozwój sieci dróg kołowych w Królestwie Polskim w latach 1815-1918Kowalczyk, Rafał Wiktorhttp://hdl.handle.net/11089/197442021-07-07T09:38:04Z2004-01-01T00:00:00ZRozwój sieci dróg kołowych w Królestwie Polskim w latach 1815-1918
Kowalczyk, Rafał Wiktor
Lack of modern road network had negative influence on economical situation in Republic of Polish nobilityand Księstwo Warszawskie. However. difficulties with national budget caused that only the government of The Kingdom of Poland started development of road network. It was connected with development of appropriate legislation. The Viceregent of The Kingdom of Poland. gen. Józef Zajączek decided to differentiate wheel roads to large, medium and country roads. He also defined rules of so called "powinności szarwarkowe". Significant development of state roads took place until the 40s of the XIX century. After 1847 building of wheel roads was discontinued due to development of railroads. It was connected with change of Russian conception of transport development. As a result in the years 1870-1914 most of state roads were built in the area of XIII (Warsaw) Okreg Komunikacji Lądowych i Wodnych on the right shore of river Vistula in the least industrialized districts (lubelski, lomzynski, siedlecki and suwalski). Aside from state roads in The Kingdom of Poland wheel roads were differentiated to district roads of I, II and III category. According to it building and maintaining of l-st category roads in The Kingdom of Poland were assigned to district authorities with funds from road tax. II-nd category roads were maintained by authorities of powiat and III-rd category by commune authorities and private land owners. As a result most of district roads in The Kingdom of Poland were built in most industrialized districts: piotrkowski and warszawski. Negative influence on development of district roads has decision of Russian authorities in 1895. Modern law concerning road capital wasn't extended to The Kingdom of Poland. As a result from 1895 to 1914 there was a dynamic development of wheel roads in Russia. Most significant development of wheel roads took place in Polish districts of German Empire. It was a result of appropriate subsidies and modern legislation. Road communication in Austro-Hungary was also much more developed than in Russia and The Kingdom of Poland.
2004-01-01T00:00:00ZAntoni Purtal (1895-1943) (pseudonimy "Szczerba", "Janek") - działacz łódzkiej PPSUljasz, Adrianhttp://hdl.handle.net/11089/197372018-02-01T11:21:05Z2004-01-01T00:00:00ZAntoni Purtal (1895-1943) (pseudonimy "Szczerba", "Janek") - działacz łódzkiej PPS
Uljasz, Adrian
Antoni Purtal was born on 12th June 1895 in Radzyń administrative district as
a son of a worker. At the age of ten he came to Łódź with his family where he was
educated as a carpenter. From the end of 1915 or from the beginning of 1916 he
became a member of Polish Socialist Party (PPS). From 1916 he ran an illegal PPS
printing house in Łódź.
In July 1918 the printing house was accidentally discovered by German police.
During their escape Purtal and his comrade killed two policemen. Mter that event
he was hiding in Warsaw. Following the order of PPS Central Division of Combat
Readiness he made an assassination attempt on Erich Schulzte, the chief of secret
German political police in Warsaw. In November 1918 he returned to Łódź.
In 1919 he got married. Being a member of PPS party he fought in Silesia
uprisings. In 1921 he was awarded the Virtuti Militari Cross. From 1927 he held
many positions in the town council of Łódź, among others he was a councillor. In
February 1939 he was elected a Vice President of Łódź. During the Second Republic
of Poland he was a member of local and central authorities of PPS.
During the Nazi occupation he was hiding in Warsaw, using the pseudonym Jan
Bogon. He was a member of PPS-WRN party. He was arrested on 3rcl June 1942.
Until January 1943 he was kept in Pawiak Prison. Then he was a prisoner of
Majdanek and Oświęcim Camps. He died in Oświęcim in 1943.
2004-01-01T00:00:00Z