http://hdl.handle.net/11089/27163 2026-04-05T16:50:31Z 2026-04-05T16:50:31Z Cichowicz, Ewa http://hdl.handle.net/11089/27308 2019-04-04T01:16:33Z 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z

The use of modern technology by financial institutions in combating financial exclusion Cichowicz, Ewa Financial exclusion can be considered as one of the important problems in countries at the average level of socioeconomic development that include, among others, Poland. It consists in the presence of difficulties in accessing and/or using financial products and services available on the main market that meet the needs of individuals, which prevents them from leading a normal life in society. Due to its own characteristics and trends in financial markets, this phenomenon is closely linked to the issue of the digital divide. Accordingly, it can be seen that solutions leading to the reduction of financial exclusion are based on tools using information technology innovations and modern technologies. One of the methods recognised as the most effective in this area is financial education, aimed largely at children and adolescents, which additionally justifies the choice of such tools. It is equally important to determine the extent to which modern instruments are preferred in comparison with traditional ones. The aim of this paper will be the analysis of the solutions based on modern technologies that are used in actions taken to prevent financial exclusion in selected EU countries, including Poland. The structure of the paper is as follows: the first part will present the problem of financial exclusion (identifying groups particularly at risk), then a review of methods of preventing and combating financial exclusion will be presented, with particular emphasis on modern ICT tools, and the final part will indicate possible directions and barriers to the solutions that may lead to a reduced level of financial exclusion of individuals. The methods used include an in-depth analysis of the literature and a review of existing solutions which financial institutions provide on the Web.

2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Makowska, Marta Jasiński, Łukasz http://hdl.handle.net/11089/27306 2019-04-04T01:16:39Z 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z

The importance of “disclosure” in relationships between physicians and pharmaceutical companies Makowska, Marta; Jasiński, Łukasz The article raises issues of transparency in relationships between doctors and drug manufacturers. It indicates how important it is as a way for physicians and the pharmaceutical industry to regain public trust. The manuscript will define the concept of disclosure. It will discuss in detail The Physician Payment Sunshine Act from the U.S., which imposes a legal obligation on pharmaceutical companies to disclose their relationships with doctors and university hospitals. The article will also show the diverse regulation of disclosure in different countries of the European Union. The situation in Poland will be also described. In the summary, there will be a discussion about the importance of disclosure for patients and the advantages and disadvantages of such regulations for physicians and drug manufacturers.

2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Wieczorkowska, Magdalena http://hdl.handle.net/11089/27307 2019-04-04T01:16:38Z 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z

Ethical dilemmas of aesthetic medicine: Between restorative medicine and the commercialisation of the body Wieczorkowska, Magdalena Technological advances in medicine have given the sick and the disabled a chance of making a full recovery. However, contemporary trends show that medicine goes far beyond its restorative functions. The increasing popularity of plastic surgery raises many questions. Is medicine beginning a new era of its development as a response to the commercialisation of the human body? Does not correcting nature lead to people’s segregation into the better and the worse ones? The development of medical technologies has accelerated the commercialisation of the body by treating it as a package that one can “redecorate” to be more attractive in the market of social relations. Plastic surgery is trying to solve the identity crisis and psychological problems of people. New forms of medicalisation are emerging. A lack of success is seen as a symptom of a disease that can be cured with a scalpel. Plastic surgery can be a tool of reconstruction of one’s identity but only under strict circumstances (genetic defects, bodily injuries). By posturing as a solution to people’s psychological and sociological problems, medicine must reckon with a moral/ethical critique.

2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Makowska, Marta http://hdl.handle.net/11089/27305 2019-04-04T01:16:35Z 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z

Controversial advertising of medicines. A comparison between Poland and the United States Makowska, Marta For many years, the subject of aggressive marketing campaigns conducted by pharmaceutical companies has been raised in Poland. Drug ads are everywhere, on television, the radio, magazines and on the Internet. Therefore, it is extremely important is to ensure both their legal and ethical dimension. This article will present the differences between direct-to-consumer advertising of medicines in Poland and in the US. The dissimilarities result mainly from differences in legislation. In Poland, the law is much stricter than in the US. For example, in the United States companies are allowed to advertise prescription drugs directly to patients. In the whole of the European Union, and thus in Poland, it is strictly prohibited. The article will also present other regulations existing in Poland and in the United States and it will compare them. It will offer examples of violations of the law and ethics in the advertising of medicine in both countries. Lastly, it will briefly outline the negative consequences of unacceptable pharmaceutical marketing.

2018-01-01T00:00:00Z