pod red. Zygmunta Gostkowskiego http://hdl.handle.net/11089/2782 2026-04-14T19:35:07Z 2026-04-14T19:35:07Z Jumrych, Katarzyna http://hdl.handle.net/11089/2842 2018-02-01T11:18:45Z 1966-01-01T00:00:00Z

Przesłuchiwanie z respondentem magnetofonowego nagrania audycji „W Jezioranach” jako technika badania jego recepcji Jumrych, Katarzyna In the course of research on the reception of the radio serial W Jezioranach (In the Village Jeziorany) among 30 female workers who were its passionate listeners, it was found that some of them gave very scanty answers to the questions referring to their psychological needs satisfied by that broadcast. It was hypothesized that it was so rather because of their inability to express verbally their internal experiences and not by reason of an actual absence of them. In other words, one suspected that the technique of a formal and standardized interview did not lend itself to the investigation of such persons. To verify this hypothesis the author of the research decided to perform several experimental interviews arranged in such a way that they were more closely connected with a natural situation of broadcast listening. Five most taciturn listeners were selected for re-interviewing immediately after having made them hear the same tape recorded broadcast serial. Each re-interview was specially prepared in advance so as to take into account the gaps that appeared in the material obtained in the first interview. Then a comparison was made between the answers obtained during the first and the second interviews. The results corroborated the hypothesis: content analysis of two kinds of answers has shown that: 1° – the number of content elements found in the answers doubled; 2° – `it was such experiences as identification with the characters of the serial, feeling of authenticity, affirmation of the accepted values, that were most often discovered by means of the new interviewing technique, while the use of the broadcast as a source of practical advice and the interest in personal problems of serial characters were found as frequently in the first as in the second interviews. In order to demonstrate the authentic language of the interviewees the author appends several tape recorded fragments of their answers.

1966-01-01T00:00:00Z Krystyna, Brzozowska http://hdl.handle.net/11089/2840 2018-02-01T11:18:38Z 1966-01-01T00:00:00Z

Nagrywanie magnetofonowe wywiadów w środowisku małomiasteczkowym Krystyna, Brzozowska In a town where (for the second time within two years period) a group of sociology students was interviewing a random sample of inhabitants, 42 interviews were tape recorded while simultaneously noted down in a questionnaire. The interviewers doing the tape recording and noting have prepared observation reports on the behavior of respondents in the moment of their contact with the tape recorded as well as in the course of recording procedure. No refusal was observed. It was found that the most efficient way of obtaining the permission of respondents to be tape recorded consisted in presenting the recording as a technique auxiliary in relation to the noting down in a questionnaire. The following reactions to the tape recording were observed on the part of respondents: 1° – a consciousness of being recorded with visible symptoms of a nervous tension; 2° – a consciousness of being recorded without any visible symptoms of a nervous tension; 3° – a lack of tape recording consciousness, accompanied by easiness of answers, the attention being concentrated on the noting only; 4° – an initial nervous tension retreating gradually in the course of recording. The reactions to the recording were determined by the amount of previous contacts and experiences with a tape recorder. It was found that 10 persons who had had closer contacts with it behaved more easefully and without visible signs of a nervous tension; at the same time it was observed, however, that they showed symptoms of an increased feeling of responsibility for the correct form of their expressions. The greatest number of cases of a nervous tension in the behavior appeared among 28 persons who did not have any previous contacts and experiences with a tape recorder. During three weeks of research, no evidence of rumors about recording was found in that community. Only 2 respondents took an interest in an eventual ultimate use of the tape with the recorded interview; one of them asked if it would be erased after its utilization as a means of making corrections in the noted down content of a questionnaire.

1966-01-01T00:00:00Z Słomczyński, Kazimierz M. http://hdl.handle.net/11089/2839 2018-02-01T11:18:37Z 1966-01-01T00:00:00Z

Wpływ oficjalnej i prywatnej sytuacji wywiadu na wypowiedzi respondentów w środowisku inteligencji Słomczyński, Kazimierz M. The author arranged 52 interviews with his close acquaintances or relatives on social stratification, evaluation of the policy of wages, nationalization of various branches of national economy, and socio-political role of sociological researches in Poland. Interviewees were members of intelligentsia, viz. professionals or white collar workers, men and women constituting 50°/o of the group, respectively. Interviews had an official character as they were conducted by a student presenting herself as an interviewer of a scientific institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences. The author himself succeeded in making contact with 40 of 52 interviewees in order to do focus interviews with them in an atmosphere of a personal and friendly talk about their own definition of the role in which they felt themselves during the first official interviews; he also asked them about the same topics that were touched upon earlier. Then a comparison of answers obtained in the first and in the second interviews was made. The aim was to determine the influence of psycho-social factors upon the degree of congruence between opinions expressed in these two different social situations. The results of this comparison showed that divergences appeared only in the answers to four questions: 1° – in evaluations of changes in the respondents’ living standard during the last several years (there were 15 cases of this kind of discrepancies, in most of them it was in the official interview that the respondents refrained from giving a definite opinion by saying “no change”, whereas in a personal talk they evaluated favorably or negatively the change in their living conditions); 2° – in opinions concerning the most desirable policy of wages (10 cases; most often in a personal talk the respondents favoured the policy benefiting white collar workers, while in official interviews – manual workers); 3° – in opinions about the principle of egalitarian remuneration for work (9 respondents were against egalitarian remuneration in a personal talk while in official interviews evading concrete answers or expressing opinions approving of this principle); 4° – in opinions on the desirable scope of an economic activity of free enterprise (in all seven cases of divergences it was in official interviews that the respondents postulated more severe restrictions against private commerce and artisanship). All the divergences mentioned above appeared among 16 persons (among seven of them in their answers to all four questions, among six in those to one question only, and among three persons in answers to 2–3 questions). For the remainder of the group, viz. among 24 persons, no divergences in their answers were discovered. These divergences in opinions were interpreted as being a consequence of the fact that the respondents acted in two different social roles: that of a citizen interviewed by a representant of state institution, and that of an acquaintance expressing his/her private opinions in a personal talk. Finally, on the basis of introspective confessions of respondents an attempt was made to find out whether in official interviews they expressed opinions sincerely or not. It turned out that among 24 persons whose answers were congruent, as many as twenty said they expressed themselves frankly, whereas among 16 persons whose opinions were contradictory, four did not give an explication clear enough, six admitted to answer insincerely and six maintained that they were answering frankly. The latter six cases were explained as a manifestation of a psychological ambivalence inherent in attitudes, by virtue of which respondents expressed contradictory opinions as a function of two different social situations. It was found that the lack of sincerity seems to be caused by such situational factors as: 1° –conviction that results of sociological researches are (or can be) utilized by some administrative organs; 2° – lack of an individual or group anonymity feeling; 3° – incertitude as to the real character of the survey; 4° – desire to express opinions considered to be “typical” and not those of one’s own.

1966-01-01T00:00:00Z Lutyńska, Krystyna http://hdl.handle.net/11089/2838 2018-02-01T11:18:37Z 1966-01-01T00:00:00Z

Refleksje metodyczne o wywiadach z urzędnikami w Łodzi w latach 1960-1961 Lutyńska, Krystyna On the occasion of interviews concerning the professional career with a random sample of 525 office workers, six female interviewers prepared observation reports on the way the rapport was established, the behavior of respondents during the interviews and their reactions to the person of an interviewer as well as to particular questions. They also obtained from 125 respondents their free answers to the question: “What is sociology?” (It was explained to the respondents that the aim of this, research was to prepare a sociological work on the social position of office workers.) Using these materials the author (who herself was one of the six interviewers) presents, in an impressionistic manner, some of the obstacles and difficulties encountered most often in the milieu of office workers as well as the methods employed to surmount them. Following are the main factors making for insincerity, suspicion or even refusals to grant an interview on the part of respondents: 1° – a state of anxiety during the research period caused by the reorganization of the public administration and by ensuing dismissals of those office workers who did not possess required qualifications; 2° – reminiscences of the stalinist period prior to 1956; 3° – a way of viewing sociological researches as an activity closely connected with propaganda and current politics; 4° – a conviction that such researches are useless as they cannot contribute to the improvement of a low social position of office workers, underpayed and unjustly criticized as “bureaucrats”; 5° – an attitude of incertitude and a generalized fear towards superiors in the office. Among factors making for good rapport and sincerity in interviews, the following ones are distinguished: 1° – a customary politeness toward an unknown person appearing in the role of a visitor; 2° – a desire to make easier the work of interviewers who asked politely for an interview; 3° – popularity and notoriety of the professor directing the research; 4° — expectations that research results would contribute to the improvement of the social position of office workers. Two types of interviewers were distinguished according to the way they treated respondents and interviews: the one characterised by an emotional involvement with regard to the person interviewed, his/her personal problems, etc., and the other more impassible and oriented primarily to the correct fulfilment of instructions concerning the prescribed interviewing procedure.

1966-01-01T00:00:00Z