http://hdl.handle.net/11089/57127 2026-04-03T23:10:46Z 2026-04-03T23:10:46Z Witczak, Radosław http://hdl.handle.net/11089/57166 2026-01-06T02:26:32Z 2025-12-01T00:00:00Z

Tax Base Estimation of Income – The Proposal of Selected Changes Witczak, Radosław The purpose of the article. One of the measures to combat tax fraud is estimation of the tax base. The provisions point out the reasons and rules of estimating of the tax base. Polish legislation provides tax authorities with a list of six tax base estimation methods they can use. In cases when none of these methods is applicable, tax authorities may use other methods serving the same purpose, but the law (the Tax Ordinance Act) does not indicate what these methods should be. The aim of the article is to propose the changes to the tax base estimation in the Tax Ordinance Act.Methodology. The descriptive study including critical attitude to the legal acts and literature was used to solve the research problem.Results of the research. It would be advisable to introduce legislative changes such as: specifying estimation methods in the regulation, applying the production method, amending regulations regarding exemptions from estimating the tax base, using the method of determining income based on incurred expenses versus undisclosed sources of income, procedural changes.The legislative forms of change were discussed.

2025-12-01T00:00:00Z Blicharski, Jakub http://hdl.handle.net/11089/57165 2026-01-06T02:26:37Z 2025-12-01T00:00:00Z

Information Policy of the Federal Reserve System and the European Central Bank During and After the Pandemic Crisis Blicharski, Jakub The purpose of the article. Since the 1990s, central banks have become more transparent about their monetary policy. The meaning of the communication was amplified by the global financial crisis, when central banks began to use non-standard monetary policy instruments on a broader scale. Further changes resulted from the COVID-19 pandemic and the period of high inflation, which lasted several months afterwards. The article aims to present and analyse the measures taken by the Federal Reserve System (FED) and the European Central Bank (ECB) during the pandemic crisis and the period of high inflation.Methodology. The monetary policy instruments used by both central banks from 2020 to 2025, as well as the statements made by Jerome Powell (Chair of the Board of Governors of the FED) and Christine Lagarde (President of the ECB), were presented. The article also presents various opinions on the measures taken by both central banks, published in the press and the literature.Results of the research. The results indicate that monetary policy instruments, used by both central banks, allowed them to mitigate the effects of the economic disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, after the pandemic crisis, both central banks had to raise interest rates and pursue a policy of Quantitative Tightening. The crises also highlighted the importance of communication policy. Although the actions taken by both central banks were the subject of criticism, the measures taken by the FED were considered successful, and the measures taken by the ECB allowed for mitigating the direct consequences of the high inflation.

2025-12-01T00:00:00Z Gola, Marian http://hdl.handle.net/11089/57163 2026-01-06T02:26:38Z 2025-12-01T00:00:00Z

Impact of External Shocks and Macroeconomic Instability on the Security and Profitability of the Cooperative Sector in Poland and the European Union Countries Gola, Marian The beginning of the 21st century was a period of significant economic transformation, which changed the existing order of economic processes, thereby exerting a strong influence on the real economy, but also on the security and efficiency of the financial system. As a consequence of the 2007–2009 crisis, many credit institutions had to cover losses from insufficient capital and lost their solvency. Some of them underwent compulsory restructuring and, in some cases, nationalisation. The crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the geopolitical turmoil resulting from Russia’s attack on Ukraine had less severe consequences for the banking sector in Europe. Based on a review of the literature and other research, the article assesses the impact of these events on the safety and profitability of cooperative banks operating within selected banking groups in Europe. In this context, based on an analysis of statistical data, it is argued that the impact of external shocks on the cooperative sector was limited. As part of a case study, using the example of one of the Polish cooperative groups, shocks were identified which, however, did not have a negative impact on profitability and stability. A correlation was also demonstrated between the level of security of individual banks and the fact that they operate within the structure of the Institutional Protection System.The purpose of the article. The purpose of this article is to indicate the impact of macroeconomic shocks on the security of cooperative banks operating in the European Union, as well as to examine the relationship between the level of integration of cooperative banking groups and the level of financial stability of individual cooperative banks.Methodology. Literature review, statistical analysis, case study.Results of the research. The high level of integration of cooperative banking groups in the European Union helps build resilience to external macroeconomic shocks.

2025-12-01T00:00:00Z Piotrowski, Szymon Heidysz, Marek http://hdl.handle.net/11089/57162 2026-01-06T02:26:36Z 2025-12-01T00:00:00Z

Importance of the Relationship Between the Independent Financial Advisor and the Small and Medium-Sized Entrepreneur Piotrowski, Szymon; Heidysz, Marek The purpose of the article. The purpose of the paper was to determine the importance of the relationship between the independent financial advisor and SMEs. No academic or practice-oriented research has been yet undertaken in this field in Poland. The presented study aims to reduce the identified research gap.Methodology. The fulfillment of the research objectives will be based on the analysis of a survey conducted among SME entrepreneurs who reported a need for the services of an independent financial advisor.Results of the research. The study, carried out in 2024, involved 50 participants from the SME sector from the Greater Poland voivodeship (province in Poland). Building a long-term relationship between an independent financial intermediary and an SME was primarily driven by trust and competence. The main benefits SMEs gain from working with an independent advisor are time savings and a safer arrangement of financing transactions. Long-term drivers in working with an independent financial advisor were important to SME sample, whereas short-term factors, including the cost of the advisory service itself, were relatively less important.

2025-12-01T00:00:00Z