http://hdl.handle.net/11089/10377 2026-04-03T20:17:33Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/10568 Poradniki i czasopisma jako źródło postulatywne do badań nad pożywieniem dzieci i młodzieży na ziemiach Królestwa Polskiego w latach 1795–1914 (perspektywa społeczno-kulturowa i zdrowotno-wychowawcza) Bołdyrew, Aneta Hand-books and magazines are a valuable source facilitating the research of nutrition habits, including children’s nutrition which is widely discussed by the historians from health, biological, economic, social and cultural perspectives. Doctors and hygienists in the Kingdom of Poland popularized the results of the research of West European specialists. Newspapers and hand-books described new ways of pasteurization and sterilization of milk, new means of preparing animal milk and giving it to infants. Much attention was paid to nutrition, including the appropriate diet of young people. There were many articles describing, for instance, so called, chlorosis, among girls. The need to change traditional nutrition habits was emphasised. What the young people and children ate conditioned their health and strength, which on the other hand, influenced their psycho physical condition and intellectual ability. It was therefore an important element of health education. The sources discussed are a significant basis for the research of nutrition patterns and the creation of uniform tendency and standardss concerning nutrition of children in the XIXth and at the beginning of the XXth centuries. 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/10567 Protekcjonizm agrarny a rozwój przemysłu w Królestwie Prus w drugiej połowie XIX w. i początkach XX w. na przykładzie prowincji Pomorze Myszczyszyn, Janusz The German and Prussian economy is an example of the growing economic integration of many of the sovereign states within the German Customs Union (1834). After 1879 the German Empire changed its trade policies from liberal to protectionist (high tariffs on agricultural and industrial products), like many other European countries. High tariffs policy, provided a much higher income landlords and heavy industries, such as other limited inflow of cheap foreign grain, livestock meant rising prices, increased cost of living. Prussian Junkers thus contributed to lower economic development regions of eastern Germany and prevent the outflow of labor to the cities, making it difficult for industry development initiative. High tariffs have delayed or prevented the tendency to make the necessary changes in the nature of farming – increasing the importance of animal husbandry, special branches of agricultural production (of which there is for example in England), greater intensification. Province of Pomerania, missed the chance build industrial and agricultural region. Only the big resorts like Szczecin experienced growth in the industrial sector and service sector. Prussian government policies (including the Junkers) to Pomerania, was different from the needs of economic development of the region. The region remained economically backward compared to the western provinces of the Reich. 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/10566 Działania Towarzystwa „Kropla Mleka” na rzecz opieki nad dzieckiem i matką w Łodzi w latach I wojny światowej Sosnowska, Joanna The “Kropla Mleka” [“Drop of Milk”] institution was established in May 1904 on the initiative of Łódź physicians, Stanisław Serkowski and Józef Maybaum (Marzyński), as a section of the Łódź Branch of the Warsaw Hygienic Association. In this form, the institution operated until 1917, when it became an independent entity called “Kropla Mleka” Society in Łódź. Its goal was to provide hygienic and medical care for babies and children from poor families of workers. The institution distributed cow milk, which was examined bacteriologically, pasteurized, and prepared in proportions suitable for children; however, most of all, physicians in “Kropla Mleka” encouraged mothers to breast-feed their babies. In each distribution centre, there was a clinic consultation centre where medical help was provided to ill children. “Kropla Mleka” in Łódź was the first and 56 Sprawozdanie „Kropli Mleka”… [za 1916], s. 8. 57 Już od 1919 r., w ramach działalności Polsko-Amerykańskiego Komitetu Pomocy Dzieciom, instruktorki Amerykańskiego Czerwonego Krzyża organizowały w Polsce Stacje Opieki nad Matką i Dzieckiem, nadając tym placówkom przede wszystkim charakter profilaktyczny. Więcej zob. M. Biegańska-Płonka, „Kropla Mleka” w Łodzi w latach 1918–1939 – osiągnięcia w profilaktyce dziecięcej – sukces, ale jaki? „Przegląd Pediatryczny” 2008, nr 4, s. 303; P. Zwoliński, Z historii działalności charytatywno-dobroczynnej w Łodzi w okresie międzywojennym, „Śląskie Studia Historyczno- Teologiczne” 2004, nr 1, s. 45. 82 Joanna Sosnowska the model organization of this type in the Polish territory. It was meant for the whole society and provided help to all children, regardless from their nationality, religion, social status, or economic status. The years of the World War I, though exceptionally difficult, were the beginning of the most interesting period in the activities of this society. The management board of the institution had to cope with many difficulties, the most important ones being provisioning issues. When analysing the activities of the “Kropla Mleka” Society in Łódź in 1914–1918, one may conclude that, despite complex political, social, and economic conditions, this organization not only continued its mission but it also improved it significantly. The number of milk distribution centres and consultation centres were increased from three up to six, the provision of hygienic care for babies was systematized, older children were included in the activities of the Society by being provided hot meals, and the Society began to provide care for mothers by subsidizing dinners for them. The status of the organization was also regulated; it became a separate, private, and independent entity. Great dedication was shown by physicians-community workers (of various religions) and priests as well as others who joined the activities for the improvement of health and living conditions of children and their mothers. 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/10565 Kamil Śmiechowski, „Z perspektywy stolicy. Obraz Łodzi w warszawskich tygodnikach społeczno-kulturalnych (1881–1905)”, Łódź 2012, ss. 228. Sikorska-Kowalska, Marta 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z