http://hdl.handle.net/11089/1120 2026-04-03T18:43:54Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/1716 Uwagi o książce Bóg nie jest wielki Christophera Hitchensa Sułkowski, Marcin Recenzja - Christopher Hitchens, Bóg nie jest wielki , Katowice 2008 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/1559 Metanarracja postmodernizmu? O aporiach myśli wyzwolonej Szkaradnik, Katarzyna Because the assumptions of postmodernism are something obvious, the authoress decided to look at this obviousness in order to examine its second bottom, like deconstructionism does. Postmodernism speaks out against fundamentalism, universal truths as well as metaphysical notions. According to Lyotard, these notions were related with each other in totalizing metanarratives, that is tales including liberating teleology focused on the Freedom and the Truth. The end of these optimistic ideas was a result of the experience of Auschwitz and totalitarianism. Today, although postmodernism shows itself as an anti-dogmatic orientation, it became a predominant theory. So as “speculative metanarrative” it legalizes knowledge, imported to its own discourse. It propagates – as universal and irrefutable – the truth about relativism and the mediatization of reality, but on the other hand, in the face of the melting of “I” in fiction by the economy, it turns out that postmodernists long for “mythical” times of plenitude. The eschatological dimension seems to be the most important component of metanarratives and in postmodernism it manifests in the apotheosis of Different and the responsibility, liberating impetuses and the deepening of the spirituality. Such “independence metanarrative” does not concern the “nation” any more, but every of us, equally deserving worry and compassion. Postmodernism wants to become a leading thought of our times, which require of us, as Bauman writes, to alter our casualness in destination. It turns out, that the hidden background of postmodernism is the pursuit of wholeness, but not annihilating totality. The cracks and margins have to be a shield against the fate and make up the foundation of the eschatological hope of postmodernism. 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/1558 Metaforyczne ujęcie dobra państwa w politycznej teorii Platona Śliwiński, Adam In this article Plato’s views on goodness of state (polis) are investigated. The study involves a reconstruction of three ways in which Plato describes the goodness of state. Firstly, the metaphorical account is analysed on the basis of some examples from Statesman and from Republic. Secondly, the approach to the concept of goodness that is strictly connected to the concept of justice (which is the leitmotiv of Republic) is considered. Lastly, the paper includes the examination of the relation between the concept of goodness and the law on one hand, and the structure of Forms on the other hand. Deliberation on the role of the metaphor (as a conceptual phenomenon), based especially on the juxtaposition of poleis’ political systems and citizens’ characters (eighth book of Republic), leads to the conclusion that there are three ways in which Plato conceives of state, mixed together in the three literary descriptions. Reductionist point of view that can be associated with Santas’s “functional theory of the good” puts emphasis on citizens’ natural needs. Within this standpoint state can be regarded merely as a form of human social life, and the goodness of state is simply a metaphor. From holistic perspective, contrary to the reductionist standpoint, state is treated as a separate, or even living, entity consisting of the citizens as its elements, and having its own interests. This approach gives priority to the goodness of state, which is primal in relation to the goodness of citizen. Probably, the most representative for Plato’s way of thinking is the paradigmatic point of view, which is present in his Theory of Forms. From this angle, state and human soul are isomorphic objects. Therefore they are subjects of the same attributes, connected with virtues (aretai). However, Plato does not explicitly declare which conceptualisation should be regarded as the most adequate. This makes Plato’s political theory incoherent, and may be the reason why it is so controversial. 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/1557 Możliwość redukcji fenomenologicznej Zalewski, Andrzej Historical arguments against the Husserlian phenomenological reduction stem from two mutually independent sources. First, some adherents of the so called realistic phenomenology understand the reduction as the rejection of the belief in the autonomous world’s existence, and this view seems untenable to them. Second, for some proponents of Heidegger’s philosophy from Sein und Zeit period reduction means disentanglement of the human being from the world, which is quite impossible. The article touches only the first group of these arguments (the second one is the theme of another paper). But, first of all, contrary to the common anti-reductionist stance, the author states that the reduction is a performable procedure. He also considers reduction to be the wide-spread operation of the Western philosophy, though being practised without the explicit knowledge concerning it. 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z