http://hdl.handle.net/11089/10160 Wed, 08 Apr 2026 06:04:08 GMT 2026-04-08T06:04:08Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/12834 Pojęcie narodu oraz mniejszości narodowej i etnicznej w kontekście geograficznym, politycznym i socjologicznym Barwiński, Marek As the term „nation” can be understood in different ways, the issues of nationality are problematic and ticklish. There is a variety of definitions of „nation”, none of them, though, is commonly accepted. Many different branches of science deal with this matter e.g. geography, sociology, history, psychology, ethnography, political science and international law. The answer to the question: What is the nation? greatly depends on to whom it is addressed, in what circumstances and in what historical epoch. The question would be handled differently by an ethonographer, demographer, politician, historian and sociologist. There are two main approaches to the definition of „nation” based on two different theories of nation: an objective and a subjective one. The former suggests that nationality is determined by comon origin, living in a given territory, culture, language, religion, economy, physiognomic characteristics, the are objective factors not dependant on one’s will. The latter theory claims that belonging to a nation results form one’s will and conviction. Most often, however, definitions of „nation” combine both approaches. It should be stated that if only objective criteria are applied many communities which definitely from a nation are not recognised as such. Therefore it seems more appropriate to determine one’s nationality according to subjective criteria, particularly those referring to individual feelings, willing, and self-consciousness. This approach is at present widely recognised, especially in developed democratic countries. This question gains in importance in the areas of national borderlands where different nations interpenetrate and ,,mingle”. The „national minority” is most often defined as a group smaller then the larger, controlling group of the nation; its members are citizens of a given state but differ as to ethnic background, language, culture, religion, they have a national identity, accept and emphasise their distinctness. Another term of similar meaning is „ethnic minority” (ethnic group). Generally the „ethnic minority” is a group of people differing in some respect from the dominant group living in a territory. In this sense the notion of „ethnic minority” comprieses the notion of „national minority” and at the same time is its synonym. Thu, 01 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/12834 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/12832 Antoni Marszałek [red.], Integracja europejska, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Łódź 1997, s. 484 Mordwa, Stanisław Thu, 01 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/12832 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/12831 Geobiografia - historie życia a studia nad migracjami KACZMAREK, JACEK This paper highlights a research conception based on the biographic method. Biography and the biographic method have been extensively discusses in ample and very diversified literature. Scholars representing various fields of knowledge have been interested in biographic researches, which, however, are subjects of controversies among partisans of different theoretical orientations, even within the same discipline. Thu, 01 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/12831 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/12795 Przestrzenne zróżnicowanie rezultatów wyborów w województwie łódzkim w latach 1990-1995 Bączek, Leszek; Heffner, Krystian The paper presents spatial diversification of election results in the Łódź voivodship in 1990-1995. The study discusses main research problems and development of electoral geography, history of elections in Łódź and electoral behaviour of inhabitants of some selected communes in the Łódź voivodship. Thu, 01 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/12795 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z