http://hdl.handle.net/11089/13536 Mon, 13 Apr 2026 12:42:54 GMT 2026-04-13T12:42:54Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/14067 Przygotowania Okręgu Generalnego Łódź do przejścia na organizację pokojową w 1921 Jarno, Witold This article deals with the process of preparations of Łódź General District of the Polish Army for the conversion from the war organisation that obliged in 1921 to the peace time structures. The author highlights as well the process of demobilisation of the military forces on the territory of the District. First the progress of the works aiming at the preparation of the plans of the organisation of the army on a peace footing as well as the conversion of the infantry divisions from the system of two brigades to the system of three regiments (a division was then composed of three infantry regiments instead of four in two brigades like so far) and augmentation of their numbers to thirty was showed. Then there was described the process of demobilisation of the military forces that was inevitable for the adoption of the peace time structure of the army. Due to the lack of the historical sources that issue as far as the Łódź General District is concerned was presented only in general terms. The demobilisation of the 4th and 10th Infantry Division that belonged to the District was the only process considered in a more detailed way. The article is summoned up with the presentation of the general principles of the process of the implementation of the peace time structure of the Polish Army that took place in the autumn 1921 and with the description of all its phases. Mon, 01 Jan 2001 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/14067 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/13575 Po akcji „Wisła” . Ewolucja polityki państwa polskiego wobec ludności ukraińskiej w latach 1947-1958 Olejnik, Leszek The underground structures of the Ukrainian nationalists in Poland were crushed as a result of the „Vistula” action which was carried out in 1947. Simultaneously over 140 thousands of Ukrainian people were expelled from the south-east part of Poland and dispersed on the west and north territory. During the following years the Ukrainian problem still absorbed the attention of the party and state governors, especially in a connection with the vivid tendencies of the deportees to return to their former places of settlement. In April 1952 Political Office of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers’ Party (KC PZPR) adopted a secret decision on the Ukrainian question. That act started the process o f changes in the attitude towards the Ukrainian minority in Poland. The results of the evolution of that policy were showed more clearly simultaneously to the increase of the political liberalisation in the country since 1955. In 1956 among the others the Ukrainian Socio-Cultural Association was created and the Ukrainian magazine „Nasze Slowo” started to be published. Even greater results were achieved in the fields of the cultural and educational life of that community and the considerable economic assistance was given to the Ukrainians as well. Still their most important claims (- the condemnation of the „Vistula” action and closely connected with that - a permission for the mass return to the former territory of their settlement) for various reasons were not fulfilled. This community obtained a formal equality of rights with the other ethnic groups. Still its situation was deeply influenced by the consequences of the decision which had been took up in 1947. A dispersion of the Ukrainians people limited the possibilities of the wider development of their cultural and religious life as well as their education. Mon, 01 Jan 2001 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/13575 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/13566 Aspekt brytyjski w działalności Stanisława Mikołajczyka jako wicepremiera Tymczasowego Rządu Jedności Narodowej (28 czerwca 1945 - 8 lutego 1947) Matera, Paulina This article higlights the role of the British policy in the activity o f Stanisław Mikołajczyk after the Second World War when he had already become the Vice Prime Minister of the Polish Government established on the conference in Yalta in February 1945. During the war Mikołajczyk was the Prime Minister of the Polish Government in Exile since July 15th 1943 till November 23rd 1944. In that period he was under hard pressure of the British politicians (Winston Churchill and Anthony Eden) who wanted him to agree to Soviet demands according to which Poland should accept „Curzon line” as her eastern border. It was the condition of the re-establishment of the Polish-Soviet relations having been broken in April 1943. The British politicians insisted on it. Mikołajczyk who could not obtain the consensus within his own government to fulfil that condition, resigned from his post on November 23rd 1944. He decided to come back to Poland and become a member of Polish government dominated by communists depended on the Soviet Union. Mikołajczyk became the vice prime minister. He believed that future parliamentary elections would be supervised by international committee from Great Britain and the United States. He counted on the support of the majority of Poles for his party PSL (Polish Peasant Party). But Great Britain found no possibilities to support Mikołajczyk. Also the United States did not care about the fulfilment of Yalta’s statement which stipulated free elections in Poland. Mikołajczyk sent a lot of reports describing the situation of his oppositional party which due to the persecutions could not act in a normal way. He had a contact with the British journalists who imparled those news abroad. British government only sent the notes with disapproval of postponing the data of elections. The official Polish-British relations were getting worse and worse. The members of the Communist Party (PPR) called Mikołajczyk „an imperialist agent” . They accused him of acting against Polish reasons of State. That is why his contacts with the British ambassador in Poland Victor Cavendish-Bentinck were strictly limited. Mikołajczyk was also supervised by Polish political police. Still he was disappointed by British opinion about Polish western border. During the Second World War the British politicians suggested him that Poland would obtain territorial compensation from Germany for the losses in the east. But once the war had been over they changed their attitude. British politicians wanted Mikołajczyk’s party to join the communist’s block of parties and resign the opposition before the elections. Formally they supported him but in fact they could not do anything to give him a real help so they lose their interest in the future of Poland. Despite this fact Mikolajczyk’s party decided to take part in the elections on January 19th 1947. The majority voted for PSL but results of elections were forged. PSL received only 28 places for 444 in the parliament. British government had sent the note indicating that it was impossible to accept these elections but then no other action was undertaken. In October 1947 Mikołajczyk got an information that he would be arrested. He had asked for help American and British embassies and he escaped from Poland to London on the board of British ship „Baltavia” on October 20th 1947. Mon, 01 Jan 2001 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/13566 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/13565 Nastroje mieszkańców Łodzi i województwa łódzkiego w latach 1945-1948 Lesiakowski, Krzysztof There were different sources of public feelings of the inhabitants of Łódź and voivodeship of Łódź in 1945-1948. It was the lack of sovereignly of the Polish state and the democratic rights of its citizens as well as the troubles with the supply o f the goods that should be considered as the most substantial factors that influenced public mood at that time. As a result of that situation, the public feeling visibly changed for the worse after the short moment of happiness having been caused by the end of the German’s occupation. It was a progressive process. The signs of those changes were observed in the very emotional reactions of the inhabitants towards the various events. There were common fear of the coming of numerous soviet military detachments, which would crush each attempt of resistance and in that way would destroy even the smallest difference between Poland and the USRR. There were common expectations among the citizens that every decision of the communist government could turn the situation only to the worse. There was an anxiety of the increasing of oppressions, the workers were afraid of the augmentation of the productive demands or the elongation o f the work time. The people often felt disappointed with the policy of the western states towards Poland and they did not believe that any amelioration of the situation of their country is possible without the serious political convulsions on the international scale. The worker who try to strike or the farmer feared with the perspective of the collectivisation and threatened with the possibility of the creation of the soviet kolkhoz system in Poland, the only chance for changes in his own situation as well as that of the entire country saw in a new world war which was expected to come and hoped it would do soon. Mon, 01 Jan 2001 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/13565 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z