http://hdl.handle.net/11089/20476 Sun, 05 Apr 2026 16:30:25 GMT 2026-04-05T16:30:25Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/20482 Phonological Development in the Early Speech of an Indonesian-German Bilingual Child Adnyani, Ni Luh Putu Sri; Pastika, I Wayan Current research in bilingual children’s language development with one language dominant has shown that one linguistic system can affect the other. This is called Crosslinguistic Influence (CLI). This paper explores whether CLI is experienced by a bilingual child raised in two typologically distinct languages in terms of phonological development. It uses data from the study of a child simultaneously acquiring Indonesian and German between the ages of 12 months - 20 months, with Indonesian as the dominant language. The sound segments developed by the child showed universal tendencies, with the appearance of bilabials prior to alveolar sounds, followed by velar sounds. The sounds were produced mostly in the form of stops, nasals and glides. Three phonological processes were displayed by the child: substitution, assimilation and syllable structures. The front rounded vowel [ʏ], which exists in German but not in the Indonesian sound system, was systematically replaced by the palatal approximant [j]. This approximant exists in the Indonesian sound system but not in the German phonemic inventory. This provides evidence that, in terms of phonological development, the child experienced CLI, but only for certain sound transfers. Wed, 26 Oct 2016 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/20482 2016-10-26T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/20483 Erratum Wed, 26 Oct 2016 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/20483 2016-10-26T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/20481 The Role of Inter- and Intralingual Factors and Compendiums in Acquisition of Swedish as a Foreign Language: The Case of Finns Learning Definiteness and the Use of Articles Nyqvist, Eeva-Liisa The informants produce complex NPs already in their first narratives. The form of NPs poses significantly more problems than the choice of a correct form of definiteness. Hence, it is possible that previous knowledge in English helps informants in the choice of definiteness. The common nominator for problematic expressions is simplification, in both formal aspects and in the relation between form and meaning. Previous research in Sweden has made similar findings. The most central types of NPs build an acquisition explainable by a complexity hierarchy between the different types of NPs. The informants master best NPs without definiteness markers. Definite singulars containing an ending are significantly easier than indefinite singulars, the indefinite article of which is notoriously difficult for Finns learning Swedish as an L2. This acquisition order, however, profoundly differs from the traditional order of instruction of their compendiums. Wed, 26 Oct 2016 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/20481 2016-10-26T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/20480 Neutralization in Aztec Phonology – the Case of Classical Nahuatl Nasals Kuźmicki, Michał This article investigates nasal assimilation in Classical Nahuatl. The distribution of nasal consonants is shown to be the result of coda neutralization. It is argued that generalizations made for root and word level are disproportionate and cannot be explained through the means of rule-based phonology. It is shown that the process responsible for nasal distribution can only be accounted for by introducing derivational levels in Optimality Theory Wed, 26 Oct 2016 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/20480 2016-10-26T00:00:00Z