http://hdl.handle.net/11089/2785 pod red. Zygmunta Gostkowskiego i Jana Lutyńskiego Wed, 15 Apr 2026 14:22:57 GMT 2026-04-15T14:22:57Z https://dspace.uni.lodz.pl:443/xmlui/bitstream/id/8eaf2011-5f1e-4dbf-bc94-cea7a802b623/ http://hdl.handle.net/11089/2785 http://hdl.handle.net/11089/3298 O specyfice wywiadów generacyjnych. Problem naturalizacji sytuacji wywiadu Wejland, Szymon; Wejland, Andrzej Paweł Naturalization of an interview situation consists in operations shaping this situation in such a way as to make it resemble a natural, everyday conversation, and to introduce into it actual systems of reference and current ways of perception of people and things. Naturalization appeals to the former positive social experience and constitutes an attempt at making the interview situation similar to well-known and approved social situations. The problem of naturalization of interview situations is discussed in the context of methodological reconstruction of operations applied in the research on the attitudes of youth and adults towards material goods. In the interviews, each respondent was supposed to define: (1) his own attitude towards material goods, (2) the attitude of his close friends and peers as well as of his generation at large, (3) the attitude of his parents or children. Experience obtained from pilot interviews has revealed the need for naturalization of the interview situation by reason of: (1) delicacy and difficulty of the domain of interrogation, leading to the informational dissonance (e.g. discrepancy between demand for information and the scope of information obtained in interviews), (2) delicacy and difficulty inherent in the social situation of interviews resulting from generational dissonance (age difference between an interviewer and an interviewee) leading to conflicting role relationships in interviews. Naturalization of the interview situation was conceived as a set of operations leading to the informational consonance through reduction of factors disturbing and distorting the process of information gathering. The following operations were undertaken: (1) early familiarization of respondents with the research situation (before the interview itself), (2) choice of such places and conditions of interviewing as are neutral in respect of the domain of research, (3) levelling of age difference between the interviewer and the interviewee, (4) emphasis on the respondent’s competence in the domain of research (in the introduction to the interview and in its course), (5) preparatory part of the interview not related directly to the domain of research (fulfilling the fatic function, i.e. facilitating social contact), (6) integration of all phases of research (initial contacts, preparatory phase of the interview and the interview itself) by means of a special link-theme. Sat, 01 Jan 1972 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/3298 1972-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/3297 Związki logiczne między odpowiedziami na pytania kwestionariusza (Refleksja metodologiczna na podstawie analizy ewaluacyjnej kwestionariusza międzynarodowych badań porównawczych nad wykorzystaniem opieki zdrowotnej Boski, Paweł To discover errors that diminish the cognitive value of data obtained in questionnaire-based surveys, two procedures may be applied: (1) external analysis and (2) internal analysis. The first one consists in the confrontation of the answers given by respondents in a questionnaire with information on the same topics obtained from sources independent from the researcher and considered to be objective. The second procedure uses the existing logical relationships between answers to questions which occur at the very moment of the construction of a questionnaire. As a result of these relationships, co-existence of certain answers in a filled-out questionnaire leads to the contradiction. In the internal analysis, by an error is understood the situation of co-existence of contradictory sentences (answers). In a questionnaire interview three elements may be distinguished: (1) interviewer, (2) respondent, (3) the set of questions in the questionnaire all of them entangled in the psycho-social situation of interview. Methodological innovations introduced and a methodological evaluation should relate to each of them. The internal analysis consists in the methodological evaluation of a questionnaire treated as a carrier of a communication process. The principles of internal analysis are implicitly observed in the current research practice in the form of a check on information obtained in the course of interviewing. The checking is done by the interviewer as well as, at the later stage, by the interviewer’s supervisor. This is reflected in the use of filtering questions, control questions and instructions for interviewing. Nevertheless, the analysis of logical relationships between answers to questions in a questionnaire constitutes a higher level of methodological consciousness for it takes into account more complicated situations, such as, for example, enthymematic relationships; in addition, it makes use of logical calculus. Using the classical sentential calculus, the author introduces the concepts of thesis, tautology and counter-tautology which serve to define two basic logical relationships: the conclusion and the contradiction. Then he undertakes an attempt at the typology of contradiction relationships between answers to questions in a questionnaire. We have to do with a direct contradiction in such a situation only where questions and answers are identical; otherwise it is necessary to accept certain additional assumptions. These assumptions may be based on definitional terminological conventions as well as on empirical regularities. Among the latter, of especial importance for socio-medical research are interrelationships discovered in medical science. Quantitative results of analysis of questions in the socio-medical questionnaire are presented: 455 possible pairs of contradictory sentences have been identified, discussed and exemplified within the framework of the above-mentioned typology. Finally, prospects for treatment of the results of internal analysis together with the results of other methodological studies are discussed. Sat, 01 Jan 1972 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/3297 1972-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/3296 Aranżowanie wywiadu z samodzielnymi pracownikami nauki przez ankietera-studenta Stefanowska, Małgorzata In a research on professional careers and their relation to family life of 13 female professors, a serious difficulty consisted in the role discrepancy between the respondents and the student interviewer as well as in the delicate nature of questions to be asked. It was anticipated that professors, being accustomed to the role of an examiner, would not be willing to be approached and interviewed by a student. To overcome this difficulty the interviewer undertook the following measures aiming at the creation of a proper psychological climate favourable for interviewing: 1. First contacts, in order to make an appointment, were established by telephone; it was explained to interviewees that the purpose of the research was to prepare an M. A. thesis under the direction of a well-known female professor teaching at the same university. 2. The interviews were preceded by a short social conversation during which the roles of a host and a guest were established respectively between the respondent and the interviewer. 3. The first topic dealt within the interviews related to respondents’ professional career which fact created a favourable attitude of the interviewees who were thus given an opportunity to present themselves as successful scientists despite certain handicaps connected with their sex. Feminine sex of the interviewer also contributed to this effect due to the feeling of feminine solidarity. The above results seem to show that in spite of strong social barriers between the respondents and the interviewer it is possible to establish a good interviewing rapport owing to the proper structuring of the social roles and motivations involved in the interview situation. Sat, 01 Jan 1972 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/3296 1972-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/3295 Ocena pracy ankieterów a niektóre ich cechy społeczno-demograficzne Zürn, Marek Secondary analysis of 878 questionnaires from interviews performed by the group of 47 interviewers was made in order to find out the relationship between their sex, education, interviewing experience and the quality of their work as measured by the observance of interviewing instructions. Four-points scale of quality of work was constructed (“very good”, “good”, “satisfactory”, “unsatisfactory”), and applied to selected three questions from the questionnaires used in the survey on leisure activities of inhabitants of the city of Cracow in 1968. Interviewers’ experience was measured by the five-points scale depending on the number of surveys in which they had participated. Among 878 questionnaires, 41% were “very good”, 44% “good”, 13% “satisfactory” and 2% “unsatisfactory”. Older interviewers turned out to be positively better than younger ones (mean scorings 4.4 and 4.1 respectively). In general, men were slightly better (4.3) than women (4.2). The strongest variance appeared among students. While the mean for the whole group was 4.2, the means for particular sub-groups differed considerably. The best scoring went to the ethnographers (4.8), the worst one to the students of law and economics (3.6). In general, females did their interviews worse (4.2) than males (4.4). Students of sociology were average (men: 4.5, women: 4.3). Among non-students the differences in the quality of work are less marked, although here also the first place went to ethnographers (4.4) before sociologists (4.3) and the rest (4.2); women were slightly better (4.3) than men (4.2). Interviewers with small or no experience obtained identical marks (4.1); also identical, but generally higher marks went to interviewers with average and great experience (4.5); slightly worse marks received those with the greatest experience (4.2). The best were male interviewers who had 4 to 10 surveys in their practice; beginners and those with small experience, were poor (4.0 and 4.1) but only slightly worse than those with the greatest interviewing experience (4.2). During five weeks of their field work, the best work was being performed by interviewers within the first (4.3) and fourth weeks (4.4); the worst one within the last week (4.1); gradual deterioration of the quality of work was characteristic for female interviewers while males, in the course of the survey, slightly improved their performance. The most steady and at the same time, the highest level of performance was achieved by interviewers with average experience Sat, 01 Jan 1972 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/3295 1972-01-01T00:00:00Z