http://hdl.handle.net/11089/54154 Mon, 06 Apr 2026 22:29:58 GMT 2026-04-06T22:29:58Z https://dspace.uni.lodz.pl:443/xmlui/bitstream/id/a5ae9eae-a35b-4c11-ad89-6e583e2a3a11/ http://hdl.handle.net/11089/54154 http://hdl.handle.net/11089/54227 Challenges in translating autopsy reports Pietrzak, Paulina; Witkowski, Filip This article examines the nature of medical documentation, specifically focusing on lexical and stylistic features of autopsy reports. It explores the challenges of translating autopsy reports based on the analysis of medical documentation in English and Polish. The paper delves into the fundamental features of medical reports, followed by a detailed examination of the unique challenges encountered in the translation of autopsy reports. By analysing a range of sample autopsy reports, this study sheds light on variations in terms, style, register and degree of formality employed in both languages. The discrepancies identified highlight the need for translators to implement specific linguistic, stylistic and compositional alterations during the process of medical translation. The implications derived from this analysis provide insights for trainee translators and translator educators aiming to contribute to the enhancement of accuracy and coherence in medical communication, thus ensuring the effective transfer of information in this specialised field. Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/54227 2024-12-31T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/54225 Reconsidering the Reliance on Functional Load: The Role of Phonetic Distance in Predicting L2 Segmental Substitutions Challis, Kate; Zawadzki, Zoë; Kusz, Ewa Much research agrees that Functional Load (FL), i.e., the extent to which a phoneme pair distinguishes between different words in a language, is a useful feature to consider in prioritizing phoneme pairs for pronunciation instruction in the second language (L2) classroom. However, FL measures are not always easy to access and are often calculated according to different principles, whereas other more easily observable features exist, including Phonetic Distance (PD), or the degree of physiological similarity between phones in a phoneme pair. One way to evaluate features and their interrelatedness is to use them in a linear mixed effects regression (LMER) model to predict the rate of observed L2 substitutions that are actually made in speech. This study examines the relationship between two measures of FL (Brown, 1988; Gilner & Morales, 2010) and an estimate of PD we devised from 22 unique articulatory features of vowels and consonants in their ability to predict substitutions in the L2-ARCTIC dataset (Zhao et al. 2018) while accounting for other sources of variation. It was found that even when PD had a resolution of only 2 points, it was highly associated with variance in substitution rates, but that the best model included FL and PD measures together. This finding suggests that PD may also be an important consideration when deciding which phoneme pairs to prioritize in L2 instruction. Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/54225 2024-12-31T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/54226 The Metaphorical Imagery in Polish Legal Language: The Polish Civil Code Wojtczak, Sylwia; Witczak-Plisiecka, Iwona The present paper comments on the use of metaphorical imagery in The Polish Civil Code The theoretical background for analysis is cognitive linguistics in the tradition of researchers such as George Lakoff, Mark Turner, Gilles Fauconnier. It is accepted that language as a system is inherently metaphorical, and that metaphorical images are not just rhetorical devices which help make language more interesting and poetic, but rather constitute mechanisms of cognition, thanks to which human beings can make sense of the world and then refer to it in an efficient way. Metaphoricity in legal context can be found at different levels and may serve various aims. Our main interest is in the basic, mostly frozen metaphors which are inevitable in the law. Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/54226 2024-12-31T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/54224 Chunking a Transcription of a Lecture to Help Students at EAP Courses Improve their Listening Comprehension Skill(S) Badio, Janusz Pre-sessional EAP courses in the UK welcome international students seeking admission to British universities. The official requirement for English language proficiency is typically determined by a student’s scores in the four language skills. Students' proficiency levels in these skills generally range from 5.0 to 6.5. One significant challenge faced by foreign students is in the area of listening skills. The listening comprehension classes often involve listening to lengthy lectures, during which students struggle with note-taking and answering questions. One effective instructional strategy is to provide plain text transcripts of recorded lectures. This article aims to illustrate how a lecturer segments speech and how teachers can transcribe this process and its constituent units using methodologies discussed in works such as Badio (2004), Chafe (1994, 2003), and Croft (1995). The unit of speech in these analyses is defined by a set of conceptual and phonetic criteria, and segmenting a lecture involves applying these criteria impressionistically. The resulting modified format of a plain text transcript can serve as a valuable pedagogical tool. Teachers can demonstrate to students, who may not have a background in linguistics, that a single word is not the only or primary unit of speech. They can illustrate how pauses signal new topics or how different types of intonation units are used to convey conceptualisations and regulate the flow of ideas and speech. Such focused and structured presentations enhance language acquisition and learning. Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/54224 2024-12-31T00:00:00Z