http://hdl.handle.net/11089/5662 Fri, 03 Apr 2026 23:30:02 GMT 2026-04-03T23:30:02Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/7331 W kwestii wcześniejszych założeń kościoła św. Jana we Włocławku Wojda, Leszek The Institute of Archaeology of Ш 4 university has been conducting the complex archaeological investigations of the urban aglomeration in Włocławek since 1976.The purpose of these works is to receive a full picture of the significance site by confronting the archaeological sources with the historical, Cartographical ones and with the . architectonical ascertainments. The first stage of research covers the investigation of the medieval town, i.e. present Old Town. The former investigations were concentrated within the Old Market, where the gothic church of St. John, built in 1538, is situated. They aimed at stating whether this church - according to the accepted M. Morawski'a opinion ~ was founded upon, or contains inside, the fragments of the earlier, it is believed, romanistic St. John's church. In a course of the excavations carried out. in the ditches running along the Southern wall of an apse and along the northern wall of the church between the aisle and sacristy no remains of the earlier wall of stones or bricks were rövealed. Moreover, the finds gained during the iarchaeological works in the Old Market allow one to date the beginnings of local habitation to the late 13th and 14th century. After having confronted the above ascertainments with the written sources one can suppose that the earlier St. John's church must have been situated closer to the stronghold, i.e. on the area of the earlier habitation datable» prior to the 13th century. This hypothesis is moreover supported by the regularities in development of Włocławek habitation, which extended along the West-East line, i.e. from the stronghold towards the Old Town. Sat, 01 Jan 1983 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/7331 1983-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/7330 Uwagi o budownictwie obronnym arcybiskupów gnieźnieńskich Kajzer, Leszek The subject of the present paper are the remarks on the defending constructions of the Gniezno archbishops. Great properties consisting - at the break of the middle ages and modern times - of more than 300 villages and towns, as well as a significant role of the Gniezno archbishops in the Polish state, represented a sufficient basis enabling to build the defending constructions. In former literature the archiepiscopal castles were known only in Gniezno, Kamień Pomorski, Łowicz, Opatówek, Uniejów and in Źnin-Wenecja. The first five castles were erected by abp Jarosław Bogoria Skotnicki in the middle or 3rd quarter of 14th century, the latter was the knight's foundation bought by the archbishops in the 1st quarter of 15th century. There ie not satisfactory state of investigations of the archiepiscopal castles as far as both the source-research and the field archaeological and architectonical investigations are concerned. That is clearly illustrated by a situation of Skierniewice, where the archiepiscoDal palace still exists. It seems that the earlier archiepiscopal construction in Skierniewice was a castle erected in the middle of 15th century by «rchbishops Jan Sprowski on the isle surrounded by the moat. This castle, known from the incomplete archival data, was destroyed or rebuilt in the 1st half of 17th century. The Skierniewice example shows that the investigations of the archiepiscopal castles have not excesses - an inventory stage.The small and not existing presently defending constructions erected in the centers of particular demesnes are also forgotten. The paper concerns the formerly unknown manors in Kurzelów and Piątek. They (as well as the mentioned manors in Zychów, Łęgonice and Marchwacz) were small dwelling houses, sometimes a tower, accompanied by several household constructions, situated an the mounds and surrounded by meats. The essential function of. the archiepiscopal manors in question was, beyond any doubt, the dwelling purpose. They were inhabited by the administrators of properties, and periodically they played a role of the residence for archbishops travelling around the country. Besides the residential and administrative role the objects in question used to perform also the defending tasks, guarding the security of the inhabitants and material goods collected by the archibishops. The defending manors founded in the middle ages survived untill the 17th century, being frequently restored and rebuilt. It seems that here appears an urgent need to investigate - by means of archaeological methods - at least few defending archiepiscopal manors for the date enabling one to compare this kind of "rural defending seats" with the defending constructions erected by the secular feudals are missing. It seems moreover, that the investigations of the small archiepiscopal seats should be carried out in a close collaboration between the historian-expert in written sources and the field explorers-archaeologist and architect. Sat, 01 Jan 1983 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/7330 1983-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/7326 Uwagi na marginesie zagadnienia wież drewnianych w rejonie północno-wschodniego Bałtyku Barnycz-Gupieniec, Romana The problem of wooden towers belongs to the more combined questions than it seems, particulary when it's considered against a broad comparative background. In the late 12th century began to appear little "conoidal" strongholds, which are regarded as the prototypes of the castles with the dwelling towers by some scholars or as some reduction of the larger constructions by the others. The towers performed the dwelling and defensive function. Their distant patterns can be recovered in the West-European constructions dated back as early as to the end of the 10th century. Recent excavations (Siedląeków) threw a little more light upon the questions of the so called knights' strongholds both in formal and functional aspects, and the new studies supported the supposition that defensive and dwelling towers were located also within the ramparts along side the ground-floor dwelling and husbandry constructions (Kaszowo, Raciąż, Chmielno). Thus the functional character of the towers extends and they can be regarded as the last defence objects which usually played a role of the watching posts. The material concerning the towers is to be divided into two groups: 1. towers survived until nowadays or readable while excavating, 2, information about the towers derived from the wrlsten and iconographic sources as well as from the toponomastic names. In the north-east region of the Baltic the towers occured in number, along the important water routes, especially along those leading from the Finnish Bay inside Russia.The towers from this region can be cinsidered as the examples of the earliest constructions of this kind. That type of construction is know also from Finland, Estonia and Sweden and dates back to the 11th or 12th century at least. The towers standing along the Swedish water routes controlled and blocked the fords. The former investigations provided the ascertainment that the towers were built in the laft constructions, in three or more floors with the dwelling room. In a case of necessity they were used as the pi.sons. The problem of the wooden or stone towers is still an open question and one may suggest that the further investigations will bring new determinations. Sat, 01 Jan 1983 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/7326 1983-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/7324 Uwagi o elementach "obcych" w uzbrojeniu w okresie rzymskim na ziemiach Polski Horbacz, Tadeusz J. As "foreign" elements the author regards weapons produced in the Roman or provincial Roman workshops as well as the closer or more distant immitations in form, construction details, stylistic features and so forth, reflecting a partial assimilation of foreign ideas on the local cultural background. In the light of former archaeological literature only comparatively few elements in the Roman period armament on the territory of Poland were regarded as “foreign" ones. This opinion has been partially revised in result of studies on the double-edged side-arms. The studies enabled one to distinguish the swords which were either evidently imported .(for instance the damascene pieces bearing the inscriptions and figural incrustations) or were believed to be imported (swords of gladius type fuller swords and :so on). Denoting an unequal value of classifying criteria, the author takes up an estimation of their usefulness for such purposes. This brings him to distinguish two groups of criteria: 1. directly and 2. indirectly useful ones. The paper concerns also the finds of fragments of the scabbard fittings in forms regarded in literature as the "Roman" (strap loops globular and crescent chapes, suspension rings and for strap). The “foreign** Influences upon the defensive armament may reveal in the finds of basses bronze shield scattered on the territory of Poland, Using the mail (lorica hamata) in the Roman period on the area in question appears a combined problem (finds from Witaszewice, province of Płock). Traces of the discoveries of other "foreign" elements of armament (for example the helmets, spear-heads, shields, dagger) met in archaeological literature «re verified by the author. Most of the “foreign" elements in Barbarian armament appears at the turn of the early and iate Roman period. In the 2nd half of 2nd century. A.D. certain areas of Barbaricum entered the zone of special imperial interest,and in result of that begun so much as the Marcoman Wars. It is evident also in other categories of archaeological sources. There is no need to overvalue the significance of those impulsions, at least when the Polish territory is concerned. In armament they are visible only on the swords and different kinds of fittings related to swords. The "Roman“ influences upon other categoriee of armament ибе to be either almost invisible or unrecorded. New qualities were accepted by selection and concerned only those elements the Barbarian warrior was familiar with. That was closely related to the Barbarian tactics and the way of maintaining a war. The adaptation of "foreign" idea which was partly or entirely unussful in the local circumstances would be nothing but aimless. In Barbaricum this process reflects its strictly local varieties, and in that context the territory of Poland takes quite peripherial shape. In the author's opinion in most cases the armament of "foreign" 'features hgalnst the ^arbarian background was probably some immitation of the "Homan" pieces (forms, sort of raw-material-for instance the shield bo3ses-and so forth) including often the native features. So, the imports are unnumerous. Present state of investigations of the Roman period armament on the territory of Poland leaves much to be desired. An urgent need to carry cut some broadly outlined comparative metailographic analysis is likely to emerge. The application of the sole formal criterion-typical for the former research comes short and is no more sufficient at present. Sat, 01 Jan 1983 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/7324 1983-01-01T00:00:00Z