Landowners and intelligence are two layers of Polish society that had complemented each other and played an important role in maintaining of the Polishness in the era of partitions, and seriously contributed to regaining ...

Bronia (Brejndl) Baum (1896–1947) was an orthodox writer, activist and publicist. She was born in a Hasidic family in Tomaszów Mazowiecki. She published poems and articles in Yiddish in “Der Jud”, “Dos Jidisze Togblat”, ...

The activists of socialist movement in 19th century underlined that it was created by inteligentsia. In memories we can find a characterisation of several types of inteligentsia and motives which led them to such radical ...

The main research problem undertaken in the paper is the characteristics of the intelligentsia of Lviv, co-created in the years 1864–1918 by successive generations of participants of national uprisings, including primarily ...

The presented text is a catalogue of possible reasons for the infidelity of husbands from the Polish landed gentry in the 19th century, and, at the same time, a list of pieces of advice and tips for wary wives intending ...

The forming social group – the intelligentsia of Lithuanian-Belarussian lands came from impoverished nobility. The article discusses the legal, social and political conditions, in which the official intelligentsia constituted ...