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Fund Collection through Litigation by the State Treasury in the Roman Empire (with Special Reference to the First Three Centuries A.D.)
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego (Lodz University Press), 2012)
The paper discusses the confiscation of property (publicatio bonorum) as a source of revenue for the fiscus in ancient Rome. The term fiscus means, among other things, the public property, State funds, but also the private ...
Peculatus – Several Remarks on the Classification of the Offence of Embezzlement of Public Funds in Roman Law
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego (Lodz University Press), 2012)
The offence of embezzlement of public funds – peculatus – is an interesting research subject due to the Roman legislator’s original approach to the issue of the classification of types of criminal offences (crimina). The ...
On Some Fiscal Decisions of Caligula and Vespasian
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego (Lodz University Press), 2012)
The history of the Roman Empire is a history of continuously looking for new sources of state revenues. Numerous public loads, spontaneously created during the early Empire, without any deeper analysis, created a disordered ...
Imprisonment of Tax Non-payers – an Abuse of Power or a Measure of Legal Discipline?
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego (Lodz University Press), 2012)
In the field of taxation there existed many casuistic crimes of Roman criminal law, committed both by tax payers and tax collectors, but non-payment of taxes was not one of them. As a rule taxpayers risked confiscation of ...
Remarks on Some Tax Exempts in Ancient Rome
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego (Lodz University Press), 2012)
The author tries to classify the tax privileges that existed in Ancient Rome. He gives a few examples of reliefs and exemptions, and provides their short legal and lexical analyses. Finally, he discusses whether some of ...
The Abuses of Exactores and the Laesio Enormis – a Few Remarks
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego (Lodz University Press), 2012)
The text discusses in detail the emperor’s constitution concerning the abuses of tax collectors in Africa (CTh, X, 17, 3 = CJ, IV, 44, 16 – a. 391/392), arguing against associating it with the idea of laesio enormis developed ...
Periodic Revival or Continuation of the Ancient Military Tradition? Another Look at the Question of the Katáfraktoi in the Byzantine Army
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego (Lodz University Press), 2012)
This article discusses the question of origin and identity of katáfraktoi – heavy-armoured
cavalry in Byzantium. In the specialist literature on the subject, there is a widespread opinion that
the heavily-armoured elitist ...
St. Symeon the New Theologian and Western Dissident Movements
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego (Lodz University Press), 2012)
The trial at Orleans in 1022 of a group of aristocratic clergy, who included the confessor
of Queen Constance of France, and their followers on the charge of heresy is the most fully reported
among the group of heresy ...
The Defence of the Long Walls of Thrace (Μακρά Τείχη τῆς Θρᾴκης) under Justinian the Great (527–565 A.D.)
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego (Lodz University Press), 2012)
The paper discusses the question of the defence of the Long Walls of Thrace (Μακρά Τείχη τῆς Θρᾴκης) or the Anastasian Wall (Αναστάσειο Τείχος) under Justinian the Great (527–565 A.D.).
Emperor Anastasius I (491–518 A.D.) ...
Moving through Medieval Macedonia: Late Modern Cartography, Archive Material and Hydrographic Data Used for the Regressive Modelling of Transportation Networks
(Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego (Lodz University Press), 2012)
The aim of this article is to illustrate how the rich data which was gathered during the
scholarly work on Macedonia, Southern Part (Tabula Imperii Byzantini, 11) as well as on Macedonia,
Northern Part (Tabula Imperii ...