Secret negotiations in the Sejm concerning the composition of the Council are discussed in the article. Special attention is paid to the changes in Russian policy towards Poland, connected with the war over succession ...

Authors of ideas and creators of judical seals in Old Poland (to 1791) were completely free in creating of seal pictures. However we can observe a connection between judical and municipal iconography of seals. Rules for ...

Benjamin Franklin as an agent of Pensylvania came back to England in 1764 (his first mission there was during the years 1757-1762). But it was the quite different country after the end of the Seven Years War. The war ...

The article concerns three aspects of Medieval woman: as a ruler, as mother and as ruler’s adviser (meaning person from a close circle of a ruler). All characters who appeard in Master Wincenty’s Chronicle were evidently ...

The Constitution of Cadiz, promulgated on March 19, 1812, was the first modern code of the Spaniard. It consists of 384 articles collected in 10 titles of various longeness. This main work of the Cortes of Cadiz was a ...

Abigail Adams played a unique role in the years leading up to the declaration of American independence. She was a highly intelligent person with a forceful and a colourful personality. She was the only woman in American ...

An idea of the liberty of conscience was one of the most important problems of the modern history. William Penn’s contribution to the development and the realization of the idea in the second period of the 17th century ...

First mentions concerning handfirearms in Poland are dated from 1410. The oldest type of such weapon, found in Lwow, is dated from the first half of the XVth century. Mercenary infantry played an important part in ...

The article concerns financial matters of Polish foreign service’s activity in times of king Stanisław August Poniatowski, including a period of the Rada Nieustająca (Permanent Council) 1776-1788, as well as, a period ...