Kaplice św. św. Piotra i Pawła oraz św. Mikołaja w przestrzeni katedry krakowskiej w XIII–XV wieku

Abstract

The article presents a proposal for a new reading of the functions, history and formal transformations of the chapels of St. st. Peter and Paul and St. Nicholas. The chapels were added to the aisles of the romanesque cathedral, but during the construction of the present church (1320–1364) they were included in the new building, which lead to their extensive reconstruction and enlargement. The time and circumstances of the construction of the chapel of St. Nicholas are unknown. Chapel of St. st. Peter and Paul, according to the local tradition, in its original form, was founded by Bishop Prandota, most likely in connection with the cult of St. Stanislaus, canonized in 1253. Although, according to almost all the literature to date, a year later the saint’s relics were placed in the center of the nave of the cathedral, it seems more likely that they were placed in the aforementioned chapel. In the Gothic cathedral, the altar of St. Stanislaus was moved to its central point, but the chapel of St. st. Peter and Paul retained an important role in the worship of the martyr, as it included his arm reliquary, and from some point on also an old empty sarcophagus, in which, after canonization, the main particle of the remains were laid. In the 15th century chapel of St. Nicholas was the place where the reliquary of the saint’s head was presented. Fot this purpose, gallery was erected above its entrance. The chapels were extended so that they joined both the aisles and the transept, in the center of which the altar of St. Stanislaus was placed; thus, all three objects form a line that crosses the main axis of the church. It seems that the decision for such a sacral topography composition was made already during the construction of the cathedral, modifying the original project, assuming the erection of a narrow transept.

Artykuł prezentuje propozycję nowego odczytania funkcji, historii i przekształceń formalnych kaplic św. św. Piotra i Pawła oraz św. Mikołaja, przylegających do korpusu nawowego katedry w Krakowie. Kaplice te dostawiono jako aneksy do katedry romańskiej, ale podczas powstawania obecnego kościoła (1320–1364) zostały przebudowane i włączone do nowej budowli. Kaplica św. św. Piotra i Pawła została prawdopodobnie ufundowana przez biskupa Prandotę jako miejsce spoczynku relikwii św. Stanisława po jego kanonizacji w 1253 roku. W gotyckiej katedrze ołtarz tego świętego przeniesiono do jej centralnego punktu, ale obie kaplice także odgrywały rolę w jego kulcie. W kaplicy św. Mikołaja wystawiano bowiem relikwie głowy męczennika, zaś w kaplicy św. św. Piotra i Pawła – relikwie ramienia oraz dawny kamienny sarkofag, w którym szczątki spoczywały w okresie po kanonizacji.