Explaining Cross-National Variations in the Prevalence and Character of Undeclared Employment in the European Union

Williams, Colin C.

dc.contributor.author	Williams, Colin C.	en
dc.date.accessioned	2015-07-10T09:42:57Z
dc.date.available	2015-07-10T09:42:57Z
dc.date.issued	2015-01-27	en
dc.identifier.issn	1231-1952	en
dc.identifier.uri	http://hdl.handle.net/11089/10844
dc.description.abstract	The aim of this article is to evaluate the competing theories that variously explain the greater prevalence of undeclared employment in some countries either as: a legacy of under-development; a result of the voluntary exit from declared employment due to the high taxes, state corruption and burdensome regulations and controls, or a product of a lack of state intervention in work and welfare which leads to the exclusion of workers from the declared economy and state welfare provision. Analyzing the cross-national variations in the prevalence of, and reasons for, undeclared employment across the European Union using evidence from a 2007 Eurobarometer survey, the finding is that undeclared employment is less prevalent and more of the voluntary variety in wealthier, less corrupt and more equal societies possessing higher levels of social protection and redistribution via social transfers. The theoretical and policy implications are then discussed.	en
dc.publisher	Lodz Univeristy Press	en
dc.relation.ispartofseries	European Spatial Research and Policy;21	en
dc.rights	This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.	en
dc.rights.uri	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/	en
dc.subject	informal sector	en
dc.subject	undeclared work	en
dc.subject	shadow economy	en
dc.subject	neo-liberalism	en
dc.subject	European Union	en
dc.title	Explaining Cross-National Variations in the Prevalence and Character of Undeclared Employment in the European Union	en
dc.page.number	115-131	en
dc.contributor.authorAffiliation	Sheffield University Management School, University of Sheffield, Conduit Road, S10 1FL Sheffield, United Kingdom	en
dc.identifier.eissn	1896-1525
dc.references	Ahmad, A. N. (2008), ‘Dead Men Working: Time and Space in London’s (‘Illegal’) Migrant Economy’, Work, Employment and Society, 22, pp. 301-318.	en
dc.references	AMIN, A., CAMERON, A. and HUDSON, R. (2002), Placing the Social Economy, London: Routledge.	en
dc.references	Becker , K. F. (2004), The Informal Economy, Stockholm: Swedish International Development Agency.	en
dc.references	Buehn, A. and Schneider, F. (2012), ‘Shadow Economies around the World: Novel Insights, Accepted Knowledge and New Estimates’, International Tax and Public Finance, 19, pp. 139-171. doi: 10.1007/s10797-011-9187-7	en
dc.references	Castells, M. and Portes , A. (1989), World Underneath: The Origins, Dynamics and Effects of the Informal Economy, [in:] Portes , A., Castells, M. and Benton , L. (eds.), The Informal Economy: Studies in Advanced and Less Developing Countries, Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, pp. 19-41.	en
dc.references	Davis , M. (2006), Planet of Slums, London: Verso.	en
dc.references	De Soto , H. (2001), The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else, London: Black Swan.	en
dc.references	De Soto , H. (1989), The Other Path, London: Harper and Row.	en
dc.references	Dekker , H., Oranje, E., Renooy, P., Rosing, F. and Williams, C. C. (2010), Joining up the Fight against Undeclared Work in the European Union, Brussels: DG Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities.	en
dc.references	Dibben, P. and Williams, C. C. (2012), ‘Varieties of Capitalism and Employment Relations: Informally Dominated Market Economies’, Industrial Relations: A Review of Economy and Society, 51, pp. 563-582. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-232X.2012.00690.x	en
dc.references	EUROPEAN COMMISSION (1998), Communication of the Commission on Undeclared Work, http://europa.eu.int/comm/employment_social/empl_esf/docs/com98-219_en.pdf (9.07.2013).	en
dc.references	EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2007a), Special Eurobarometer 284: Undeclared Work in the European Union, Brussels.	en
dc.references	EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2007b), Stepping up the Fight against Undeclared Work, COM(2007) 628 final, Brussels.	en
dc.references	EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2011), Employment and Social Developments in Europe 2011, Brussels.	en
dc.references	EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2012a), Towards a Job-rich Recovery, COM(2012) 173 final, Brussels.	en
dc.references	EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2012b), 2013-2014 Work Programme, COM(2012) 629 final, Brussels.	en
dc.references	EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT (2008), Resolution on Stepping up the Fight against Undeclared Work, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=REPORT&reference=A6-2008-0365&language=EN (9.07.2013).	en
dc.references	EUROSTAT (2007), Taxation Trends in the European Union: Data for the EU Member States and Norway, Brussels.	en
dc.references	EUROSTAT (2010), Taxation Trends in the European Union: Main Results, Brussels.	en
dc.references	EUROSTAT (2013a), GDP per capita in PPS. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tec00114 (9.07.2013).	en
dc.references	EUROSTAT (2013b), At Risk of Poverty Rate by Sex, http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tsdsc260 (9.07.2013).	en
dc.references	EUROSTAT (2013c), Inequality of Income Distribution, http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tessi010 (9.07.2013).	en
dc.references	Feld, L. and Schneider, F. (2010), ‘Survey on the Shadow Economy and Undeclared Earnings in OECD Countries’, German Economic Review, 11, pp. 109-149.	en
dc.references	Feld, L. P. and Larsen, C. (2012), Undeclared Work, Deterrence and Social Norms: The Case of Germany, Berlin: Springer Verlag.	en
dc.references	Fernande z-Kell y, P. (2006), ‘Introduction’, [in:] Fernande z-Kell y, P. and Shefner, J. (eds.), Out of the Shadows: Political Action and the Informal Economy in Latin America, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, pp. 1-18.	en
dc.references	Gallin, D. (2001), ‘Propositions on Trade Unions and Informal Employment in Time of Globalisation’, Antipode, 19 (4), pp. 531-549. doi: 10.1111/1467-8330.00197	en
dc.references	Geert z, C. (1963), Old Societies and New States: The Quest for Modernity in Asia and Africa, Glencoe: Free Press.	en
dc.references	GHK and Fondazione Brodolini (2009), Study on Indirect Measurement Methods for Undeclared Work in the EU, Brussels: European Commission.	en
dc.references	Hudson, R. (2005), Economic Geographies: Circuits, Flows and Spaces, London: Sage.	en
dc.references	ICRG (2013), International Country Risk Guide (ICRG), http://www.prsgroup.com/icrg.aspx (7.04.2013).	en
dc.references	ILO (2002), Women and Men in the Informal Economy: A Statistical Picture, Geneva: International Labour Office.	en
dc.references	ILO (2011), Statistical Update on Employment in the Informal Economy, Geneva: ILO Department of Statistics.	en
dc.references	Jütting, J. P. and Laiglesia , J. R. (2009), ‘Employment, Poverty Reduction and Development: What’s New?’, [in:] Jütting, J. P. and Laiglesia, J. R. (eds.), Is Informal Normal? Towards More and Better Jobs in Developing Countries, Paris: OECD, pp. 17-26.	en
dc.references	Karpuskiene , V. (2007), ‘Undeclared Work, Tax Evasion and Avoidance in Lithuania’, Paper presented at colloquium of the Belgian Federal Service for Social Security on Undeclared Work, Tax Evasion and Avoidance, Brussels, June.	en
dc.references	Lewis, A. (1959), The Theory of Economic Growth, London: Allen and Unwin.	en
dc.references	London, T. and Hart , S. L. (2004), ‘Reinventing Strategies for Emerging Markets: Beyond the Transnational Model’, Journal of International Business Studies, 35, pp. 350-370. doi: 10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400099	en
dc.references	Meagher, K. (2010), Identity Economics: social networks and the informal economy in Nigeria, James Currey, New York.	en
dc.references	Mehrotra , S. and Biggeri , M. (eds.), (2007), Asian Informal Workers: Global Risks, Local Protection, London: Routledge.	en
dc.references	Merik üll , J. and Staehr , K. (2010), ‘Unreported Employment and Envelope Wages in Midtransition: Comparing Developments and Causes in the Baltic Countries’, Comparative Economic Studies, 52, pp. 637-670.	en
dc.references	Neef, R. (2002), ‘Aspects of the Informal Economy in a Transforming Country: The Case of Romania’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 26, pp. 299-322. doi: 10.1111/1468-2427.00381	en
dc.references	Nwabu zor, A. (2005), ‘Corruption and Development: New Initiatives in Economic Openness and Strengthened Rule of Law’, Journal of Business Ethics, 59, pp. 121-138.	en
dc.references	OECD (2002), Measuring the Non-observed Economy, Paris.	en
dc.references	OECD (2012), Reducing Opportunities for Tax Non-compliance in the Underground Economy, Paris.	en
dc.references	Pfau -Effinger, B. (2009), ‘Varieties of Undeclared Work in European Societies’, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 41, pp. 79-99.	en
dc.references	Renooy, P., Ivarsson , S., van der Wusten-Gritsai, O. and Meijer, R. (2004), Undeclared Work in an Enlarged Union: An Analysis of Shadow Work - an In-depth Study of Specific Items, Brussels: European Commission.	en
dc.references	Rodgers, P. and Williams, C. C. (2009), ‘The Informal Economy in the Former Soviet Union and in Central and Eastern Europe’, International Journal of Sociology, 39, pp. 3-11. doi: 10.2753/IJS0020-7659390200	en
dc.references	Sassen, S. (1996), Service Employment Regimes and the New Inequality, [in:] Mingione, E. (ed.), Urban Poverty and the Underclass, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, pp. 142-59.	en
dc.references	Sauvy, A. (1984), Le Travail Noir et l’Economie de Demain, Paris: Calmann-Levy.	en
dc.references	Schneider, F. (ed.), (2008), The Hidden Economy, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.	en
dc.references	Schneider, F. (ed.), (2011), Handbook on the Shadow Economy, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.	en
dc.references	Schneider , F., Buehn , A. and Montenegro , A. (2010), ‘New Estimates for the Shadow Economies all Over the World’, International Economic Journal, 24, pp. 443-461.	en
dc.references	Sedlenieks , K. (2003), Cash in an Envelope: Corruption and Tax Avoidance as an Economic strategy in Contemporary Riga, [in:] Arnstberg, K-O. and Boren, T. (eds.), Everyday Economy in Russia, Poland and Latvia, Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell, pp. 35-51.	en
dc.references	Sepulveda , L. and Syrett, S. (2007), ‘Out of the Shadows? Formalisation Approaches to Informal Economic Activity’, Policy and Politics, 35, pp. 87-104.	en
dc.references	Slavnic , Z. (2010), ‘Political Economy of Informalization’, European Societies, 12, pp. 3-23. doi: 10.1080/14616690903042724	en
dc.references	SMALL BUSINESS COUNCIL (2004), Small Business in the Informal Economy: Making the Transition to the Formal Economy, London.	en
dc.references	TNS Infratest, Rockwool Foundation and Regioplan (2006), Feasibility Study on a Direct Survey about Undeclared Work VC/2005/0276, Brussels: European Commission.	en
dc.references	TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL (2013), 2007 Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), http:// www.transparency.org/research/cpi/cpi_2007 (12.03.2013).	en
dc.references	White, R. (2009), ‘Explaining Why the Non-commodified Sphere of Mutual Aid Is so Pervasive in the Advanced Economies: Some Case Study Evidence from an English City’, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 29, pp. 457-472. doi: 10.1108/01443330910986252	en
dc.references	Williams, C. C. (2007), ‘Tackling Undeclared Work in Europe: Lessons from a Study of Ukraine’, European Journal of Industrial Relations, 13, pp. 219-237. doi: 10.1177/0959680107078254	en
dc.references	Williams, C. C. (2009), ‘Evaluating the Extent and Nature of Envelope Wages in the European Union: A Geographical Analysis’, European Spatial Research and Policy, 16, pp. 115-29.	en
dc.references	Williams, C. C. (2010), ‘Beyond the Formal/Informal Jobs Divide: Evaluating the Prevalence of Hybrid “Under-declared” Employment in South-Eastern Europe’, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21, pp. 2529-2546. doi: 10.1080/09585192.2010.523573	en
dc.references	Williams, C. C. and PADMORE, J. (2013), ‘Evaluating the Prevalence and Distribution of Quasi- formal Employment in Europe’, Relations Industrielles/Industrial Relations, 68, pp. 71-95. doi: 10.7202/1014742ar	en
dc.references	Williams, C. C. and Renooy, P. (2013), Tackling Undeclared Work in 27 European Union Member States and Norway: Approaches and Measures since 2008, Dublin: Eurofound.	en
dc.references	Williams, C. C. and Windebank , J. (1995), ‘The Implications for the Informal Sector of European Union Integration’, European Spatial Research and Policy, 2, pp. 17-34.	en
dc.references	Williams, C. C., Nadin, S. and Windebank , J. (2012), ‘Evaluating the Prevalence and Nature of Self-employment in the Informal Economy: Evidence from a 27-Nation European Survey’, European Spatial Research and Policy, 19 (1), pp. 129-142.	en
dc.references	Woolfson, C. (2007), ‘Pushing the Envelope: The “Informalization” of Labor in Post-communist New EU Member States’, Work, Employment and Society, 21, pp. 551-564.	en
dc.contributor.authorEmail	C.C.Williams@sheffield.ac.uk	en
dc.identifier.doi	10.1515/esrp-2015-0008	en

Pliki tej pozycji

Nazwa:: esrp-2015-0008.pdf
Rozmiar:: 253.5KB
Format:: PDF

Oglądaj/Otwórz

Pozycja umieszczona jest w następujących kolekcjach

European Spatial Research and Policy Volume 21 (2014) Issue 2 [13]

Pokaż uproszczony rekord

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Poza zaznaczonymi wyjątkami, licencja tej pozycji opisana jest jako This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.