Show simple item record

dc.contributor.authorBridgman, Timothy
dc.date.accessioned2024-05-13T10:54:55Z
dc.date.available2024-05-13T10:54:55Z
dc.date.issued2024-05-10
dc.identifier.issn1641-4233
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11089/52144
dc.description.abstractThe last few years have seen the return of athlete activism into major international sports events held worldwide as a mindset based on social responsibility and political freedom of speech has spread into the selfperception of many current top athletes. However, while these athletes may have experienced a recent personal transformation, the national political backlash accompanying activism remains set in a long tradition condemning political interference in sports. This article provides a background on the tradition of castigating political athlete activists, a theory on why and how national political backlash occurs, and evidence on the successful use of gentle activism to avoid such scenarios. The research examines a case study of Polish international footballer Robert Lewandowski’s ‘pointing the finger’ during a World Cup qualifier in 2022 to illustrate how alternative moderate forms of activism can be adopted. This study aims to introduce the term ‘overactivism’ into the politics of sport as a concept where the athlete prioritises retaining long-term political relevancy over maximising the political impact of a single event.en
dc.description.abstractW ciągu ostatnich kilku lat odnowił się trend aktywistyczny na niwie sportowej manifestowany na najważniejszych międzynarodowych imprezach sportowych na całym świecie, a postawa oparta na odpowiedzialności społecznej i politycznej wolności słowa stała się elementem tożsamości własnej wśród wielu czołowych sportowców. Jakkolwiek sportowcy mogli niedawno doświadczyć osobistej transformacji, towarzyszącej aktywizmowi, ataki polityczne w kręgach krajowych pozostają osadzone w długiej tradycji braku przyzwolenia dla ingerencji sportowców w świat polityki. W niniejszym artykule omówiono korzenie, z których wyrasta tradycja piętnowania sportowców angażujących się w aktywizm polityczny, przedstawiono teorię, dlaczego i w jakiej formie sportowców tych spotykają ostre ataki polityczne w reprezentowanym przez nich kraju, jak również pokazano, że wybór łagodnych form wyrazu aktywizmu pozwala skutecznie uniknąć powyższych scenariuszy. W badaniu przeanalizowano studium przypadku polskiego piłkarza Roberta Lewandowskiego „wskazującego palcem” podczas eliminacji do Mistrzostw Świata w 2022 roku. Przykład Lewandowskiego posłużył jako ilustracja alternatywnych, umiarkowanych środków uprawiania aktywizmu. Celem niniejszego badania jest wprowadzenie terminu „przesadnego aktywizmu/ przerostu formy nad treścią w aktywizmie” do dziedziny polityki sportu w kontekście decyzji sportowców, by przedłożyć utrzymanie długofalowej pozycji politycznej nad uzyskanie maksymalnego efektu politycznego w następstwie pojedynczego wydarzenia.pl
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherWydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiegopl
dc.relation.ispartofseriesInternational Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal;2en
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
dc.subjectpolitics of sporten
dc.subjectRobert Lewandowskien
dc.subjectathlete activismen
dc.subjectgentle protesten
dc.subjectoveractivismen
dc.subjectpolitical backlashen
dc.subjecttaking the kneeen
dc.subjectUEFA RESPECTen
dc.subjectpolityka sportupl
dc.subjectRobert Lewandowskipl
dc.subjectaktywizm sportowcówpl
dc.subjectłagodny protestpl
dc.subjectprzesadny aktywizm/przerost formy nad treścią w aktywizmiepl
dc.subjectnegatywna reakcja polityczna/kontratakpl
dc.subjectgest przyklękaniapl
dc.subjectUEFA RESPECT (Szacunek)pl
dc.titleNo Overactivism: Robert Lewandowski’s Use of Gentle Protest to Avoid National Political Backlashen
dc.title.alternativeAktywizm bez przerostu formy nad treścią: łagodna forma protestu Roberta Lewandowskiego jako środek zaradczy przeciwko atakom politycznym na szczeblu krajowympl
dc.typeArticle
dc.page.number31-48
dc.contributor.authorAffiliationUniversity of Lodz, Faculty of International and Political Studies, Department of Political Theory and Political Thoughten
dc.identifier.eissn2300-8695
dc.references“Anna Lewandowska zabrała głos w sprawie aborcji. ‘Prowadzę tę walkę od lat’ [Anna Lewandowska took the floor on abortion. ‘I have been fighting this fight for years’]”. Ofeminin, 27th October 2020, https://www.ofeminin.pl/swiatkobiet/prawa-kobiet/anna-lewandowska-zabrala-glos-w-sprawie-aborcji-prowadze-te-walke-od-lat/2b4nwezen
dc.referencesBack, Les & Kelly Mills. “‘When You Score You are English, When You Miss You are Black’: Euro 2020 and the Racial Politics of a Penalty Shoot-Out”. Soundings: A Journal of Politics and Culture 79 (1) (2021): 110–121, https://doi.org/10.3898/SOUN.79.07.2021en
dc.referencesBass, Amy. Not the Triumph but the Struggle: The 1968 Olympics and the Making of the Black Athlete. NED-New edition, University of Minnesota Press, 2002. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/j.ctttv4xfen
dc.referencesBenson, Michael. “Robert Lewandowski Leads Poland Players’ Gesture While Their Fans Boo England for Taking Knee”. TalkSPORT. Web. 8th September 2021, https://talksport.com/football/940051/robert-lewandowski-poland-respectfans-boo-england-knee/en
dc.referencesBrown, Letisha Engracia Cardoso & DeShon Foxx. “The Changing Face of Black Athlete Activism”. Athlete Activism, by Rory Magrath, 1st ed., Routledge, 2021: 55–64, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003140290-6en
dc.referencesCinnamon, Jonathan. “Power in Numbers/Power and Numbers: Gentle Data Activism as Strategic Collaboration”. Area. Web. March 2020, https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12622en
dc.referencesCorbett, Sarah. How to Be a Craftivist: The Art of Gentle Protest. Unbound, 2017. Open WorldCat, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=1885160en
dc.referencesDarnell, Simon C. “Paying the Price for Speaking out : Athletes, Politics and Social Change.” International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education Special Bulletin 63 (2012): 14–18.en
dc.referencesDixon, Kevin, et al. “‘A Little Less Conversation’: An Exploration of Soccer Fan Attitudes towards ‘the Knee’ Protest and the Anti-Racism Message”. Soccer & Society 24 (5) (2023): 698–711, https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2022.2108018en
dc.referencesEdwards, Harry. The Revolt of the Black Athlete: 50th Anniversary Edition. Edited by Randy Roberts and Aram Goudsouzian, University of Illinois Press, 2017, https://doi.org/10.5406/j.ctv80c99xen
dc.referencesEllis, John M. Literature Lost: Social Agendas and the Corruption of the Humanities. Yale University Press, 1997.en
dc.references“Europe Divided on Taking the Knee during EURO 2020 Football Tournament”. Euronews 11 (2021), https://www.euronews.com/2021/06/11/europe-dividedon-taking-the-knee-during-euro-2020-football-tournamenten
dc.referencesFrisby, Cynthia M. “Oh, See What We Say:” A Content Analysis of Partisan Media’s Framing of the “Take the knee” Silent Protest by the NFL. no. 3, 2018.en
dc.referencesGaweł, Krzysztof. “Piękny gest Roberta Lewandowskiego przed meczem z Anglią. Kapitan zachwycił, kibice już nie”. naTemat.pl. Web. 9th September 2021, https://natemat.pl/373015,piekny-gest-roberta-lewandowskiego-podczasmeczu-z-anglia-kapitan-zachwycaen
dc.referencesHaidt, Jonathan. The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2013.en
dc.referencesHawkins, Daniel N., et al. “Does Protest ‘Distract’ Athletes From Performing? Evidence From the National Anthem Demonstrations in the National Football League”. Journal of Sport and Social Issues 46 (2) (2022): 127–155, https://doi.org/10.1177/01937235211043647en
dc.referencesHoughteling, Clara & Prentiss A. Dantzler. “Taking the knee, Taking a Stand: Social Networks and Identity Salience in the 2017 NFL Protests”. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 6 (3) (2020): 396–415, https://doi.org/10.1177/2332649219885978en
dc.referencesIntravia, Jonathan, et al. “The Racial Divide Surrounding United States of America National Anthem Protests in the National Football League”. Deviant Behavior 39 (8) (2018): 1058–1068, https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2017.1399745en
dc.referencesJurczyszyn, Lukasz. “‘Respect – Diversity Football Unites’ UEFA/FARE Program at EURO 2012 in Poland and Ukraine. Between Pro-Diversity Project and Security Policy Towards Far-Right Groups”. Journal for Deradicalization 4 (4) (2015): 226–255.en
dc.referencesKaufman, Peter. “Boos, Bans, and Other Backlash: The Consequences of Being an Activist Athlete”. Humanity & Society 32 (3) (2008): 215–237, https://doi.org/10.1177/016059760803200302en
dc.referencesKostrzewski, Jacob. “Poland’s New Front: A Government’s War against Civil Society”. Human Rights First, 2017, https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/sites/default/files/Poland-Report-August-2017.pdfen
dc.referencesMartin, Brian. “Activism, Social and Political”. Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice, Sage Publications, 2007: 19–27, https://www.bmartin.cc/pubs/07Anderson.htmlen
dc.referencesOliver, Pamela E. & Gerald Marwell. “MOBILISING TECHNOLOGIES FOR COLLECTIVE ACTION”. Frontiers of Social Movement Theory, Yale University Press, 1992: 251–272.en
dc.referencesPlatt, Larry. “Athlete Activism Is on the Rise, but so Is the Backlash”. Global Sport Matters 16 (2018), https://globalsportmatters.com/culture/2018/04/16/athlete-activism-is-on-the-rise-but-so-is-the-backlash/en
dc.referencesPluckrose, Helen & James A. Lindsay. Cynical Theories: How Activist Scholarship Made Everything about Race, Gender, and Identity-and Why This Harms Everybody. First Edition, Pitchstone Publishing, 2020.en
dc.referencesPZPN. “The Announcement of Polish Football Association Regarding ‘Black Lives Matter’ Initiative”. PZPN, 31st March 2021, https://pzpn.pl/en/association/news/2021-03-31/the-announcement-of-polish-football-association-regardingblack-lives-matter-initiativeen
dc.referencesRied, Andrew. “Football World Seethes over ‘appalling’ Crowd Scenes”. Yahoo!News. Web. 9th September 2021, https://nz.news.yahoo.com/football-euro-worldcup-qualifiers-england-anthem-booed-taking-knee-005522298.htmlen
dc.referencesRobins, Steven. “Slow Activism in Fast Times: Reflections on the Politics of Media Spectacles after Apartheid”. Journal of Southern African Studies 40 (1) (2014): 91–110, https://doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2014.889517en
dc.referencesSchmidt, Samuel. “Financial Implications for Athlete Activists”. Athlete Activism, by Rory Magrath, 1st ed., Routledge, 2021: 44–54, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003140290-5en
dc.referencesSmith, Lauren. “Stand Up, Show Respect: Athlete Activism, Nationalistic Attitudes, and Emotional Response”. International Journal of Communication 13 (2019): 2376–2397.en
dc.referencesSmith, Rory. “Poland Refused to Play Russia Once. It May Have to Do So Again.” The New York Times. Web. 14th March 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/14/sports/soccer/poland-russia-fifa.htmlen
dc.referencesStrange, Jared. “Playing On, Playing Along: Soccer’s Performative Activism in the Time of COVID-19”. Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism 35 (2) (2021): 135–139, https://doi.org/10.1353/dtc.2021.0012en
dc.referencesStreet, Sam. “Which Euro 2020 Teams Have Taken the Knee and Will Italy Kneel against England in the Final?” The Sun. Web. 11th July 2021, https://www.thesun.co.uk/sport/15221988/which-euro-2020-teams-take-knee-england-italy/en
dc.referencesStubley, Peter. “Tory MP ‘to Boycott England’s Euro 2020 Matches’ over Players Taking the Knee”. The Independent. Web. 5th June 2021, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/england-euro-2020-knee-blm-b1860289.htmlen
dc.references“Supporting the Athlete in Society”. American Psychological Association Division 47 5 (3) (2017), https://www.apadivisions.org/division-47/publications/sportpsychworks/athlete-activism.pdfen
dc.referencesTrimbur, Lucia. “Taking the knee, Making a Stand: Social Justice, Trump America, and the Politics of Sport”. Quest, 71 (2) (2019): 252–265, https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2018.1551806en
dc.referencesWalasek, Maciej. “Robert Lewandowski był zdegustowany gwizdami kibiców. Wymowna reakcja”. Radio Zet. Web. 9th September 2021, https://sport.radiozet.pl/Pilka-nozna/MS-2022/Robert-Lewandowski-byl-zdegustowany-gwizdami-kibicow-Wymowna-reakcjaen
dc.references“What Is Activism”. Activist Handbook, 2022, http://www.activisthandbook.org/en/theory/what-is-activismen
dc.referencesWitherspoon, Kevin B. Protest at the Pyramid: The 1968 Mexico City Olympics and the Politization of the Olympic Games / by Kevin B. Witherspoon. ProQuest / UMI, 2004, https://library.olympics.com/Default/doc/SYRACUSE/170829/protest-at-the-pyramid-the-1968-mexico-city-olympics-and-the-politizationof-the-olympic-games-by-keen
dc.referencesZych, Tymoteusz. “Freedom of Speech”. State of Democracy Human Rights and the State of Rule of Law in Poland: Recent Developments, edited by Joanna Banasiuk and Tymoteusz Zych, Ordo Iuris Institute for Legal Culture, 2016: 66–75, https://en.ordoiuris.pl/node/1008en
dc.contributor.authorEmailtimothy.bridgman@uni.lodz.pl
dc.identifier.doi10.18778/1641-4233.30.02
dc.relation.volume30


Files in this item

Thumbnail

This item appears in the following Collection(s)

Show simple item record

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Except where otherwise noted, this item's license is described as https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0