Zróżnicowanie aktywności społecznej mieszkańców wsi
Streszczenie
The article analyzes the social-type activities of rural
inhabitants on the local scale. The empirical basis for the analysis
was provided by studies conducted in 1971 on a sample of
1,514 married couples in nine rural administrative communes in
different parts of Poland. The author distinguishes between the
real activity (encompassed in three dimensions: active declaration
of needs of the local aggregation, voluntary physical and
financial assistance in accomplishing local goals, and membership
in local organizations), and the potential activity (including
also three dimensions: acceptance of general norms concerning
active involvement in local affaire, declaration of participation
in implementation of the planned investment programme and
confidence in feasibility of this programme). A quantitative analysis
of data allows the author to discuss the extent of common
character of this phenomenon of activity in the above mentioned
dimensions, its differentiation, and its correlation convergence
with several cross-sections of the aggregation's structure
(objective and those connected with awareness) as well as
activity types (in the sense of systems built from combination
of the above dimensions). As regards the real activity, it was revealed that, among others, it continued to be almost common in rural communities,
and mainly in the form of contributions made for local aggregations
and in formal participation while, on the other hand, it
was more seldom taking the form of declaration of needs.Thus the
type of activity consisting in local contributions and formal
participation appears to be predominant here, while the exclusively
declarative type does not exist. On the other hand, full
activity (in all dimensions) seems to be more frequent than full
passivity. This activity is most strongly differentiated by objective
factors such as spatial variables, cultural participation,
and socio-professional membership, while the importance of
awereness factors (attitudes towards the village, locality, and
authorities) in attitudes towards the village is smaller. Similarly
such factors as belonging to a definite generation,educational
background, and material situation play a smaller role. In turn, in the potential activity sphere, it was revealed,
among others, that it encompasses bigger aggregations being expressed,
first of all, in almost common acceptance of general
norms, and mere seldom in readiness to participate personally in
carrying out investment projects, and in confidence in feasibility
of the local development programmes. Thus in practice the
exclusively confidence-activity type or declaration-confidence
type are absent while the full activity ins also more frequent
here than the full passivity. Correlates of the potential activity
raprese,nt a somewhat different system. It is also most
strongly differentiated by spatial variables and socio-profcosional
membership, and moreover it is differentiated by cultural
participation on the local scale and some awareness factors like postulates concerning development of the locality, attitudes to
the village, administrative rural communes, and local authorities.
Similarly, material differentiation, educational background
as well as participation in the mass culture appear to be
insignificant.
Finally, while comparing these two activity spheres there
was diecovered a statistically highly significant convergence of
all the six analyzed dimensions and generally smaller occurence
of the potential than real activity. This last aspect is all the
more important since the analyzed rural communes, encompassed by
the government programme of model development, were given an
exceptional chance, which although delusive in practice constituted
e factor of psychological and organizational mobilization
of local social forces during the examined period.
Comparison of activity levels in particular dimensions and a
system of its correlates allow to draw two conclusions^ Firstly,
the real activity was largely forced and only seemingly voluntary.
eecondly, the potential activity was weakened mainly through
lack of people's confidence in feasibility of development programmes
imposed from outside. And accordingly, ways to authentic
social activation of villages do not lead through maximization
of the potential activity Tformation of attitudes by means of
ideological and propaganda manipulation and organizational extortion)
but through change of objective conditions of the real activity
or, in other words, through change of the really pursued
policy in relation to the village and the agriculture.
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