In the second half of the 19th century, the slogans of organic work and basic work became popular in the Kingdom of Poland. They were realized by the positivists who believed that they would win independent Poland in this ...

Polish intelligentsia shaped over the nineteenth century was to fulfill various tasks. One of the most important was the “state service”, implemented, among others, by working on stateowned posts. The euphoria of the ...

The activists of socialist movement in 19th century underlined that it was created by inteligentsia. In memories we can find a characterisation of several types of inteligentsia and motives which led them to such radical ...

The forming social group – the intelligentsia of Lithuanian-Belarussian lands came from impoverished nobility. The article discusses the legal, social and political conditions, in which the official intelligentsia constituted ...

The turn of the 20th century, especially the time from the Polish Revolution of 1905 until the First World Was, is perceived in the Kingdom of Poland as a moment of searching for a new form of patriotism and Polishness by ...

The main research problem undertaken in the paper is the characteristics of the intelligentsia of Lviv, co-created in the years 1864–1918 by successive generations of participants of national uprisings, including primarily ...

Participation in literary salons for years has been a subject of interest for researchers. These article falls within scope of research about Warsaw. Not only that it also focuses on history of women and their role in ...

Community of Poles as civil servants in the public administration of Russian Empire on the Lithuanian-Belarusian territory in the nineteenth century is a white stain in Polish historiography. A cursory evaluation of the ...

Landowners and intelligence are two layers of Polish society that had complemented each other and played an important role in maintaining of the Polishness in the era of partitions, and seriously contributed to regaining ...