In the mid-1930s, the Polish military intelligence had conducted investigative and observation activities concerning the Italian-Abyssinian War and the Spanish Civil War. Both conflicts were considered as potentially ...

The author presents the figure of Colonel Adam Brzechwa-Ajdukiewicz and the course of his military career in 1914–1939. Adam Ajdukiewicz was born in 1894 on the Komorniki estate near Krakow. He studied at the Lviv Polytechnic. ...

Au Majorat de Zamość, plus tôt qu'ailleurs, la corvée était abolie déjà en 1833. On la remplaça par le libre rançon, transformé ensuite, dans les années 1844— 1848, en fermage général et obligatoire. Le rançon exigeait ...

So called "XYZ Affair" is not properly known in Polish historiography. This article is an attempt to show some controversial problems connected with it. Needless to say that the American-French relationship was nearly ...

Polish diaspora’s organisations functioned in Hungary since the 19th century. Their main goal was to integrate Polish society, mainly to support those whose material situation was difficult and to mantain the Polish national ...

The general goal of the article is to present the use of juridical files as a source for research on the issue of the social effects of World War II. It focuses on their most important dimentiosn – the personal losses. ...

One of the battle ritual’s elements (especially from the narrative sources point of view) was the war chief ’s speech. Its aim was to build up the army’s morale in the face of the inevitable confrontation danger. The speech ...

This article deals with the history of Catholicism in the United States after 1919 until the election of John F. Kennedy as the first Catholic to the White House. Those years were full of changes both for the Catholics and ...

The author focuses on the colonization of North America by the English in the years 1585–1620. The adopted time censures refer respectively to the date of the first colony on Roanoke and shore Mayflower ship, as a turning ...