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Long-term EU energy dependence on Russia and its transformation after 2022

dc.contributor.authorJegorow, Dorota
dc.contributor.authorRubaj, Piotr
dc.date.accessioned2026-07-10T10:27:25Z
dc.date.available2026-07-10T10:27:25Z
dc.date.issued2026-06-10
dc.identifier.issn1231-1952
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11089/58864
dc.description.abstractThis article examines the long-term evolution of the European Union’s dependence on Russian mineral fuels and its transformation after 2022. The analysis combines Eurostat trade data for 1999–2021 with complementary post-invasion evidence from European and international sources. Using structural comparisons and correlation-based diagnostics, the study identifies dominant fuel categories and differences in adjustment across Member States. The findings show that oil and gas created deep path dependencies that limited the speed of decoupling. Although direct imports fell sharply after 2022 and diversification accelerated, the process remains uneven and indirect exposure has not disappeared. The article contributes by linking historical trade structures with the emerging post-war regime and by distinguishing between transit roles and domestic energy policy. The results inform debates on EU energy security and the governance of diversification. The results indicate that diversification capacity is strongly conditioned by pre-existing infrastructure and trade geography.en
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherWydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiegopl
dc.relation.ispartofseriesEuropean Spatial Research and Policy;1en
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
dc.subjectenergy securityen
dc.subjectEU energy policyen
dc.subjectmineral fuel importsen
dc.subjectRussia EU trade relationsen
dc.subjectimport dependence and diversificationen
dc.titleLong-term EU energy dependence on Russia and its transformation after 2022en
dc.typeArticle
dc.page.number79-101
dc.contributor.authorAffiliationJegorow, Dorota - John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Faculty of Social and Technical Sciencesen
dc.contributor.authorAffiliationRubaj, Piotr - John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Faculty of Social and Technical Sciencesen
dc.identifier.eissn1896-1525
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dc.contributor.authorEmailJegorow, Dorota - dorotajegorow@kul.pl
dc.contributor.authorEmailRubaj, Piotr - piotr.rubaj@kul.pl
dc.identifier.doi10.18778/1231-1952.33.1.11
dc.relation.volume33


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