| dc.contributor.author | Lin, Hua | |
| dc.contributor.author | Lu, Zixuan | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2026-09-10T11:57:57Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2026-09-10T11:57:57Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2026-09-09 | |
| dc.identifier.issn | 0208-6069 | |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/11089/59296 | |
| dc.description.abstract | Normative Administrative Documents (NADs), commonly known as ‘red-headed documents’ play a significant role in the Chinese system of administrative governance. However, due to their sheer volume and the lack of clear procedural standards in their formulation, they have frequently become a source of rights infringements and administrative disputes, exposing blind spots in the fundamental rights protection. In the article, we advocate introducing direct judicial review for NADs. This proposal is not aimed at fully embracing strong-form review but rather conceptualises direct review as a limit on limits. In the first section, we concisely reconstruct the current incidental review system and formulate the research problem by identifying the challenges of procedural stagnation, specifically conceptual ambiguity, weak enforcement, and limited legal effect. In the second section, we compare existing reform approaches and evaluate the relative superiority and feasibility of direct judicial review. In the third section, the article proposes a non-linear, multi-level, and differentiated model of normative oversight, centred on the substantive resolution of administrative disputes and tailored to the functional characteristics of NADs. This model distinguishes between instrumental, generative, and displacive types of administrative disputes and coordinates administrative reconsideration, administrative litigation, and constitutional review. | en |
| dc.description.abstract | Administracyjne dokumenty normatywne (NAD), powszechnie znane jako „dokumenty z czerwonym nagłówkiem”, odgrywają istotną rolę w chińskim systemie zarządzania administracyjnego. Jednak ze względu na ich ogromną liczbę oraz brak jasnych standardów proceduralnych przy ich tworzeniu, często stają się źródłem naruszeń praw i sporów administracyjnych, ujawniając luki w ochronie praw podstawowych. W artykule opowiadamy się za wprowadzeniem bezpośredniej kontroli sądowej NAD. Propozycja ta nie zmierza do pełnego przyjęcia silnej formy kontroli, lecz ujmuje kontrolę bezpośrednią jako „ograniczenie ograniczeń”. W pierwszej części zwięźle rekonstruujemy obecny system kontroli incydentalnej i formułujemy problem badawczy poprzez wskazanie wyzwań stagnacji proceduralnej, w szczególności niejednoznaczności pojęciowej, słabego egzekwowania oraz ograniczonej skuteczności prawnej. W drugiej części porównujemy istniejące podejścia reformatorskie i oceniamy względną przewagę oraz wykonalność bezpośredniej kontroli sądowej. W trzeciej części artykułu proponujemy nieliniowy, wielopoziomowy i zróżnicowany model nadzoru normatywnego, skoncentrowany na materialnym rozstrzyganiu sporów administracyjnych i dostosowany do funkcjonalnych cech NAD. Model ten rozróżnia instrumentalne, generatywne oraz wypierające typy sporów administracyjnych oraz koordynuje ponowne rozpatrzenie administracyjne, postępowanie sądowoadministracyjne i kontrolę konstytucyjną. | pl |
| dc.language.iso | en | |
| dc.publisher | Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego | pl |
| dc.relation.ispartofseries | Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica | en |
| dc.rights.uri | https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 | |
| dc.subject | normative administrative documents | en |
| dc.subject | judicial review | en |
| dc.subject | substantive resolution of administrative disputes | en |
| dc.subject | administracyjne dokumenty normatywne | pl |
| dc.subject | kontrola sądowa | pl |
| dc.subject | materialne rozstrzyganie sporów administracyjnych | pl |
| dc.title | Beyond Procedural Stagnation: Substantive Resolution of Disputes Arising from Chinese Normative Administrative Documents | en |
| dc.title.alternative | Poza stagnacją proceduralną: Materialne rozstrzyganie sporów wynikających z chińskich administracyjnych dokumentów normatywnych | pl |
| dc.type | Article | |
| dc.page.number | 99-136 | |
| dc.contributor.authorAffiliation | Lin, Hua - China University of Political Science and Law | en |
| dc.contributor.authorAffiliation | Lu, Zixuan - Renmin University of China | en |
| dc.identifier.eissn | 2450-2782 | |
| dc.references | Bellamy, Richard. 2007. “Constitutionalism and Democracy.” In Political Constitutionalism: A Republican Defence of the Constitutionality of Democracy. Edited by Richard Bellamy. 90–142. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511490187.005 | en |
| dc.references | Chen, Yunsheng. 2019. “Prerequisites for Initiating Incidental Review of Normative Documents: An Empirical Study Based on 1738 Judgment Document Samples.” Jurisprudence 11: 165–180. | en |
| dc.references | Cheng, Hu. 2023. “Modernization of Administrative Adjudication and Substantive Resolution of Administrative Disputes.” Application of Law 2: 79–91. | en |
| dc.references | Cheng, Xiezhong. 2020. “On the Objective Litigation Positioning of Administrative Litigation in China.” Contemporary Law Review 34(2): 75–86. | en |
| dc.references | Cheng, Xueyang. 2011. “The Third Way of Judicial Review: The Rise, Development, and Chinese Significance of Weak Judicial Review.” Journal of Gansu Administration Institute 5: 99–115, 128. | en |
| dc.references | Cohn, Margit. 2021. “Maintaining the Internal Tension Model.” In A Theory of the Executive Branch. 1st Ed. 59–98. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821984.003.0004 | en |
| dc.references | Dixon, Rosalind. 2023. Responsive Judicial Review: Democracy and Dysfunction in the Modern Age. 1st Ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192865779.001.0001 | en |
| dc.references | Ely, John Hart. 1980. “Policing the Process of Representation: The Court as Referee.” In Democracy and Distrust: A Theory of Judicial Review. 73–104. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv102bj77.7 | en |
| dc.references | Emerson, Blake. 2022. “Executive (Administrative State).” SSRN Electronic Journal. Forthcoming. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3990368 | en |
| dc.references | Geng, Baojian. 2024. “Theoretical and Practical Exploration of Substantive Resolution of Administrative Disputes.” China Law Review 3: 41–52. | en |
| dc.references | Gerstenberg, Oliver. 2012. “Negative/Positive Constitutionalism, ‘Fair Balance,’ and the Problem of Justiciability.” International Journal of Constitutional Law 10(4): 904–925. https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/mor085 | en |
| dc.references | Groppi, Tania. 2008. “The Italian Constitutional Court: Towards a Multilevel System of Constitutional Review.” Journal of Comparative Law 3(2): 100–121. | en |
| dc.references | Hamburger, Philip. 2014. Is Administrative Law Unlawful? Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. | en |
| dc.references | Hu, Dong. Yu Boyang. 2023. “Reflection and Reconstruction of Identification Standards for AND.” Administrative Tribune 30(3): 138–143. | en |
| dc.references | Huang, Xianxiong. 2023. “Multidimensional Scrutiny of the ‘Procedural Idling’ Phenomenon in Administrative Litigation.” Rule of Law Studies 1: 50–63. | en |
| dc.references | Jiang, Ming’an. Ed. 2019. Administrative Law and ALLPRC. 7th Ed. Beijing: Peking University Press. | en |
| dc.references | Jiang, Ming’an. 2021. ALLPRC. 4th Ed. Beijing: Law Press China. | en |
| dc.references | Kelsen, Hans. Carl Schmitt. 2015. The Guardian of the Constitution: Hans Kelsen and Carl Schmitt on the Limits of Constitutional Law. Edited and translated by Lars Vinx. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316136256 | en |
| dc.references | King, Jeff. 2012. Judging Social Rights. 1st Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139051750 | en |
| dc.references | Li, Haiping. 2023. “The Triple Nature of Constitutional Interpretation.” Contemporary Law Review 37(4): 3–15. | en |
| dc.references | Li, Mingchao. 2021. “On Not Reviewing Normative Documents Concurrently: Judgment Elements and Their Identification Rules – An Analysis Based on 1799 Judgment Documents.” Politics and Law 4: 135–147. | en |
| dc.references | Li, Zhongxia. 2025. “The Chinese Solution for Legal Reservation: Introduction and Application of the ‘Essential Importance’ Standard.” Legal Research 47(2): 22–37. | en |
| dc.references | Liu, Jialiang. 2022. “Judgment Standards and Procedural Responses for Defendants Fulfilling Duties According to Law in Administrative Public Interest Litigation.“ Journal of the National Prosecutors College 30(2): 148–160. | en |
| dc.references | Ma, Huaide. 2024. “Institutional Innovation for the Main Channel of Resolving Administrative Disputes: Interpretation of the Revision of the ‘Administrative Reconsideration Law’.” Law Review 42(2): 1–10. | en |
| dc.references | Medécigo, Alfredo Narváez. 2013. “Enforcement of Fundamental Rights by Lower Courts: Towards a Coherent System of Constitutional Review in Mexico.” Mexican Law Review 6(1): 3–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1870-0578(16)30018-X | en |
| dc.references | Merrill, Thomas W. 2022. “Concluding Thoughts.” In The Chevron Doctrine: Its Rise and Fall, and the Future of the Administrative State. 274–282. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2g7v17f.17 | en |
| dc.references | Piccirilli, Giovanni. 2018. “The ‘Taricco Saga’: The Italian Constitutional Court Continues Its European Journey.” European Constitutional Law Review 14(4): 814–833. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1574019618000433 | en |
| dc.references | Poole, Thomas. 2015. Reason of State: Law, Prerogative and Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316106099 | en |
| dc.references | Poole, Thomas. 2019. “The Executive in Public Law.” In The Changing Constitution. 188–208. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198806363.003.0007 | en |
| dc.references | Raz, Joseph. 1998. “Disagreement in Politics.” American Journal of Jurisprudence 43(1): 25–52. | en |
| dc.references | Sachs, Albie. Cass R. Sunstein. Ian Loveland. 2001. One Case at a Time: Judicial Minimalism on the Supreme Court 51(1): 87–90. https://www.jstor.org/stable/825958 | en |
| dc.references | Shi, Bi. Cao Sheng. 2016. “Review and Judgment of ‘Manifestly Inappropriate’ Administrative Actions in the New ‘ALLPRC’.” Application of Law 8: 23–28. | en |
| dc.references | Suárez-Ávila, Alberto Abad. 2025. “The Amparo Directo in the 21st Century: From Subjective to Objective Means of Constitutional Control.” Mexican Law Review 17(2): 83–108. https://doi.org/10.22201/iij.24485306e.2025.2.19021 | en |
| dc.references | Sunstein, Cass R. 1987. “Lochner’s Legacy.” Columbia Law Review 87(5): 873–919. https://doi.org/10.2307/1122721 | en |
| dc.references | Tega, Diletta. 2020. The Court in Context. Bologna: Bononia University Press. https://doi.org/10.30682/sg304 | en |
| dc.references | Wang, Chunye. 2019. “On the Judicial Identification of ‘Basis’ in Incidental Review of AND.” Administrative Law Review 3: 52–63. | en |
| dc.references | Wang, Chunye. 2021. “On the Practical Deviation and Correction of the System for Concurrent Review of Normative Documents: A Study Based on 907 Cases.” Journal of Zhejiang University (Humanities and Social Sciences) 51(1): 81–94. | en |
| dc.references | Wang, Kai. 2023. “On NADs as Objects of Record and Review.” Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (Social Sciences Edition) 36(5): 43–51. | en |
| dc.references | Wang, Liuyi. 2017. “On the Construction of the Judicial Review Standard System for AND.” Politics and Law 9: 138–152. | en |
| dc.references | Wang, Qingbin. 2024. “Justification and Construction of the Direct Review Model for AND.” Legal Research 46(6): 74–89. | en |
| dc.references | Xia, Yu. 2016. “Research on the Effect of Incidental Review Conclusions of Normative Documents in Administrative Litigation.” Zhejiang Academic Journal 5: 147–153. | en |
| dc.references | Xie, Libin. Song Beibei. 2023. “Constitutional Interpretation and Record and Review: Two Paths for Constitutional Implementation in China.” Sino-German Law Forum 1: 113–128. | en |
| dc.references | Xu, Xiaodong. 2016. “Cognition and Realization Mechanism of Incidental Review of Normative Documents in Administrative Litigation: An Analysis Based on the Chen Aihua Case and Huayuan Company Case.” Administrative Law Review 6: 69–83. | en |
| dc.references | Xue, Gangling. Yang Xin. 2013. “On the Structure of Administrative Litigation in China: ‘Subjective Litigation’ or ‘Objective Litigation’?” Administrative Law Review 4: 29–37, 78. | en |
| dc.references | Ye, Bifeng. 2024. “The Rule of Law Stance on Standards for Internal AND.” Comparative Law Review 1: 136–147. | en |
| dc.references | Young, Katharine G. 2012. Constituting Economic and Social Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press. | en |
| dc.references | Yu, Qi. 2016. “The Authority of Normative Documents and Different Levels of Judicial Review.” Administrative Law Review 6: 51–68, 108. | en |
| dc.references | Yu, Qi. 2017. “The Dependence on Higher Law and Practical Considerations in the Application of Local Legislation.” The Jurist 6: 14–28, 175. | en |
| dc.references | Zhang, Bin. 2024. “Practical Exploration and Path Optimization for Supervising Normative Documents in Administrative Public Interest Litigation.” Administrative Law Review 6: 108–123. | en |
| dc.references | Zhang, Xiang. 2021. “Constitutional Interpretation and Review Framework for the Right to Communication.” Social Science Digest 3: 25–27. | en |
| dc.references | Zhang, Xiang. 2024. “The Chinese Practice of Constitutional Interpretation.” China Law Review 5: 79. | en |
| dc.references | Zhao, Hong. 2020. “Rule of Law Government and Rights Protection in Administrative Litigation.” Governance Studies 36(4): 99–109. | en |
| dc.references | Zhou, Lejun. 2019. “The Forms of Generation and Typology of AND: An Observation Based on Functionalism.” Legal Forum 34(3): 59–68. | en |
| dc.references | Zhou, Lejun. Zhou Youyong. 2019. “Identification Benchmarks for Normative Documents as ‘Basis’ for Administrative Actions: Centered on Article 53 of the ALLPRC.” Jiangsu Social Sciences 4: 147–158, 259. | en |
| dc.references | Zhu, Xuelei. 2019. “Is Weak Judicial Review a Path for China to Implement the Constitution?” Politics and Law 4: 118–130. | en |
| dc.references | Zhu, Xuelei. 2022. “Institutional Construction of In-Process Constitutionality Review of Legal Norms.” Chinese Journal of Law 5: 223–242. | en |
| dc.references | Administrative Litigation Law of the People’s Republic of China. 2017. (Revised 2017, effective July 1, 2017). | en |
| dc.references | Administrative Reconsideration Law of the People’s Republic of China. 2023. (Revised 2023, effective September 1, 2023). | en |
| dc.references | Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. 2021. Opinion on Strengthening Legal Supervision by Procuratorates in the New Era. Issued June 2021. | en |
| dc.references | Constitution of the People’s Republic of China. 2018. (Adopted December 4, 1982, amended March 11, 2018). | en |
| dc.references | Federal Republic of Germany. 1949. Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (Grundgesetz). (Amended through 2023). | en |
| dc.references | General Office of the State Council. 2018. Notice on Strengthening the Formulation and Supervision of AND. Guo Ban Fa [2018] No. 37. | en |
| dc.references | Legislation Law of the People’s Republic of China. 2023. (Revised and adopted March 15, 2023). | en |
| dc.references | Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress. 2023. Decision on Improving and Strengthening the Record and Review System. Adopted December 29, 2023. | en |
| dc.references | Supreme People’s Court of the PRC. 2018. Interpretation on the Application of the ALLPRC. Fa Shi [2018] No. 1. | en |
| dc.references | Supreme People’s Procuratorate of the PRC. 2021. Supervisory Rules for Administrative Litigation by People’s Procuratorates. Effective September 1, 2021. | en |
| dc.references | Xi, Jinping. 2017. Report to the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. Delivered October 18, 2017. | en |
| dc.references | Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. 1984. 467 U.S. 837. | en |
| dc.references | Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo. 2024. No. 22-451 (U.S. Supreme Court). | en |
| dc.references | Italian Constitutional Court. 2017. Order of 23 November 2016 No. 24/2017; Judgment of 10 April 2018 No. 115/2018 (Taricco Saga). | en |
| dc.references | M.A.S. and M.B. (Taricco Saga). 2017. Case C-42/17. Court of Justice of the European Union. | en |
| dc.references | Chen Aihua v. Rugao Municipal Bureau of Human Resources and Social Security. 2015. (Landmark case for incidental review of normative documents in administrative litigation). | en |
| dc.references | Jiangsu Huayuan Plastic Co., Ltd. v. Environmental Protection Bureau of Taizhou City. 2014. (Commonly known as the “Huayuan Case,” involving the review of regulatory basis for penalties). | en |
| dc.references | Shenzhen Environmental Protection Bureau v. Landmark Co. 2014. (Regarding the application of local normative documents and higher law). | en |
| dc.references | Tang Fuzhen Case. 2009. (Case triggering the constitutional and legal review of the “Regulations on the Dismantling and Relocation of Urban Housing”). | en |
| dc.references | Ye Guozhu v. Public Security Bureau of Beijing. 2004. (Historical case regarding the constitutionality of administrative regulations on assembly and protest). | en |
| dc.contributor.authorEmail | Lin, Hua - linhua@cupl.edu.cn | |
| dc.contributor.authorEmail | Lu, Zixuan - zixuan.lu.23@ucl.ac.uk | |
| dc.identifier.doi | 10.18778/0208-6069.114.07 | |
| dc.relation.volume | 114 | |