| dc.contributor.author | Budzińska, Katarzyna | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2026-01-02T10:28:08Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2026-01-02T10:28:08Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2025-12-29 | |
| dc.identifier.issn | 1731-7533 | |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/11089/57140 | |
| dc.description.abstract | Emotions in educational settings can profoundly influence students’ learning and achievement (Pekrun, 2014). Despite the recent increase in interest in foreign language student emotions, emotions in the field of online education remain underresearched (Kruk & Pawlak, 2022). The global shift to emergency remote teaching in response to the COVID-19 pandemic has drawn researchers’ attention to the emotions experienced by learners whose classes were unexpectedly moved online. Thus far, studies have mainly focused on anxiety, enjoyment, and boredom, while other emotions have not been sufficiently explored. This qualitative study examines the full range of emotions experienced by learners, as well as the factors responsible for those emotions. A total of 218 university learners of English, German, Italian, and French participated in the research. Data were collected via an online questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. Participants were found to experience interest, enjoyment, frustration, anxiety, boredom, pride, shame, helplessness, anger, serenity, relief, sadness, and envy. The most frequently mentioned emotion was interest, followed by enjoyment and frustration. | en |
| dc.language.iso | en | |
| dc.publisher | Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego | pl |
| dc.relation.ispartofseries | Research in Language | en |
| dc.rights.uri | https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 | |
| dc.subject | foreign language emotions | en |
| dc.subject | emotion sources | en |
| dc.subject | emergency remote teaching | en |
| dc.subject | synchronous online instruction | en |
| dc.subject | tertiary education | en |
| dc.subject | student wellbeing | en |
| dc.title | Student Emotions in Online Foreign Language Instruction | en |
| dc.type | Article | |
| dc.page.number | 144-162 | |
| dc.contributor.authorAffiliation | Lodz University of Technology | en |
| dc.references | Adedoyin, Olasile. B. and Emrah Soykan. 2020. Covid-19 pandemic and online learning: The challenges and opportunities. Interactive Learning Environments. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2020.1813180 | en |
| dc.references | Alemany-Arrebola, Inmaculada; Rojas-Ruiz, Gloria; Granda-Vera, Juan and Ángel C. Mingorance-Estrada. 2020. Influence of COVID-19 on the perception of academic self-efficacy, state anxiety, and trait anxiety in college students. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.570017 | en |
| dc.references | Botes, Elouise; Dewaele, Jean-Marc and Samuel Greiff. 2020a. The power to improve: Effects of multilingualism and perceived proficiency on enjoyment and anxiety in foreign language learning. European Journal of Applied Linguistics 8(2), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1515/eujal-2020-0003 | en |
| dc.references | Botes, Eloise; Greiff, Samuel and Jean-Marc Dewaele. 2020b. The Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale and academic achievement: An overview of the prevailing literature and a meta-analysis. The Journal for the Psychology of Language Learning 2, 26–56. https://doi.org/10.52598/jpll/2/1/3 | en |
| dc.references | Coryell, Joellen E. and Carolyn M. Clark. 2009. One right way, intercultural participation, and language learning anxiety: A qualitative analysis of adult online heritage and nonheritage language learners. Foreign Language Annals, 42(3), 483–504. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-9720.2009.01037.x | en |
| dc.references | Derakhshan, Ali; Kruk, Mariusz; Mehdizadeh, Mostafa and Mirosław Pawlak. 2021. Boredom in online classes in the Iranian EFL context: Sources and solutions. System, 101, 102556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2021.102556 | en |
| dc.references | Derakhshan, Ali; Kruk, Mariusz; Mehdizadeh, Mostafa and Mirosław Pawlak. 2022. Activity-induced boredom in online EFL classes. ELT Journal, 76(1), 58-68. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccab072 | en |
| dc.references | Dewaele, Jean-Marc and Chengchen Li. 2020. Emotions in second language acquisition: A critical review and research agenda. Foreign Language World, 196(1), 34-49. | en |
| dc.references | Dewaele, Jean-Marc and Chengchen Li. 2021. Teacher enthusiasm and students’ social-behavioral learning engagement: The mediating role of student enjoyment and boredom in Chinese EFL classes. Language Teaching Research, 25(6), 922–945. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688211014538 | en |
| dc.references | Dewaele, Jean-Marc and Peter D. MacIntyre. 2014. The two faces of Janus? Anxiety and enjoyment in the foreign language classroom. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 4, 237–274. https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2014.4.2.5 | en |
| dc.references | Dewaele, Jean-Marc and Peter D. MacIntyre. 2016. Foreign language enjoyment and foreign language classroom anxiety: The right and left feet of FL learning? In P. MacIntyre, T. Gregersen, & S. Mercer (eds.), Positive Psychology in SLA (pp. 215-236). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.30945667.12 | en |
| dc.references | Dewaele, Jean-Marc and Liana M. Pavelescu. 2021. The relationship between incommensurable emotions and willingness to communicate in English as a foreign language: A multiple case study. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 15(1), 66-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2019.1675667 | en |
| dc.references | Dewaele, Jean-Marc., Witney, John; Saito, Kazuya and Livia Dewaele. 2018. Foreign language enjoyment and anxiety in the FL classroom: The effect of teacher and learner variables. Language Teaching Research, 22, 676–697. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168817692161 | en |
| dc.references | Dörnyei, Zoltán. 2005. The Psychology of the Language Learner: Individual Differences in Second Language Acquisition. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. | en |
| dc.references | Elahi Shirvan, Majid and Nahid Talebzadeh. 2018. Exploring the fluctuations of foreign language enjoyment in conversation: an idiodynamic perspective. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 47, 21–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/17475759.2017.1400458 | en |
| dc.references | Fraschini, Nicola and Yu Tao. 2021. Emotions in online language learning: exploratory findings from an ab initio Korean course. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2021.1968875 | en |
| dc.references | Fredrickson, Barbara L. 2003. The value of positive emotions. American Scientist, 91(4), 330-335. https://doi.org/10.1511/2003.26.865 | en |
| dc.references | Gabryś-Barker, Danuta. 2016. Caring and sharing in a foreign language class. On a positive classroom climate. In. D. Gabryś-Barker, D. Gałajda (eds.). Positive Psychology Perspectives on Foreign Language Learning and Teaching (pp. 155-174). Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32954-3_9 | en |
| dc.references | Gao, Lori X. and Lawrence J. Zhang. 2020. Teacher learning in difficult times: examining foreign language teachers' cognitions about online teaching to tide over COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.549653 | en |
| dc.references | Gkonou, Christina; Dewaele, Jean-Marc and Mark Daubney. (eds.). 2017. New Insights into Language Anxiety: Theory, Research and Educational Implications. Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783097722 | en |
| dc.references | Heines, Philip. 2021, December 14. 5 easy chatbox activities to make the most of online teaching. Oxford University Press ELT Global Blog. https://oupeltglobalblog.com/2021/12/14/chatbox-activities-online-teaching/?dm_i=1MVU,7O8I4,A171FM,V9KC5,1 | en |
| dc.references | Helgesen, Marc. 2020. Adapting Positive Psychology in ELT to on-line teaching. Mind Brain Ed Think Tanks+. https://www.mindbrained.org/2021/01/adapting-positive-psychology-in-elt-to-on-line-teaching/ | en |
| dc.references | Helgesen, Marc. 2021. English Teaching and the Science of Happiness: Positive psychology communication activities for language learning. Abax. | en |
| dc.references | Hodges, Charles; Moore, Stephanie; Lockee, Barb; Trust, Torrey and Aaron Bond. 2020. The difference between emergency remote teaching and online learning. Educause Review. https://er.educause.edu/%20articles/2020/3/the-difference-between-emergency-remote-teaching-and-online-learning | en |
| dc.references | Horwitz, Elaine K. 2010. Foreign and second language anxiety. Language Teaching, 43(2), 154-167. doi:10.1017/S026144480999036X | en |
| dc.references | Horwitz, Elaine K; Horwitz, Michael B and Joann Cope. 1986. Foreign language classroom anxiety. Modern Language Journal, 70(2), 125–132. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1986.tb05256.x | en |
| dc.references | Hurd, Stella. 2007. Anxiety and non-anxiety in a distance language learning environment: The distance factor as a modifying influence. System, 35(4), 487–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2007.05.001 | en |
| dc.references | Kaisar, Mohamad T. and Sabrina Y. Chowdhury. 2020. Foreign language virtual class room: Anxiety creator or healer? English Language Teaching, 13(11), 130–139. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v13n11p130 | en |
| dc.references | Komorowska, Hanna. 2016. Difficulty and coping strategies in language education: Is positive psychology misrepresented in SLA/FLT? In D. Gabryś-Barker & D. Gałajda (eds.), Positive psychology perspectives on foreign language learning and teaching (pp. 39-56). Springer. | en |
| dc.references | Krashen, Stephen D. 1982. Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Pergamon Press. | en |
| dc.references | Kruk, Mariusz and Mirosław Pawlak. 2022. Understanding emotions in English language learning in virtual worlds. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003240068 | en |
| dc.references | Kruk, Mariusz; Pawlak, Mirosław; Elahi Shirvan, Majid; Talebzadeh, Nahid Shirvan and Elham, Yazdanmehr. 2022. Potential sources of foreign language learning boredom: AQ methodology study. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 12(1), 37-58. https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2022.12.1.3 | en |
| dc.references | Kruk, Mariusz; Pawlak, Mirosław and Joanna Zawodniak. 2021. Another look at boredom in language instruction: The role of the predictable and the unexpected. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 11(1), 15-40. https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2021.11.1.2 | en |
| dc.references | Lemmings, David. and Anne Brooks. 2014. The Emotional Turn in the Humanities and Social Sciences. In D. Lemmings and A. Brooks (eds.). Emotions and Social Change: Historical and Sociological Perspectives (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203728277 | en |
| dc.references | Li, Chengchen. 2018. Positive Psychology Perspective on Chinese Students’ Emotional Intelligence, Classroom Emotions, and EFL Learning Achievement [D]. Xiamen University. | en |
| dc.references | Li, Chengchen; Dewaele, Jean-Marc and Yanhong Hu. 2021. Foreign language learning boredom: Conceptualization and measurement. Applied Linguistics Review. https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2020-0124 | en |
| dc.references | MacIntyre, Peter D. 1999. Language anxiety: A review of the research for language teachers. In Young, D. J. (Ed.). Affect in foreign language and second language learning: A practical guide to creating a low-anxiety classroom atmosphere (pp. 24-45). McGraw-Hill. | en |
| dc.references | MacIntyre, Peter D. 2007. Willingness to communicate in the second language: Understanding the decision to speak as a volitional process. Modern Language Journal, 91, 564-576. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2007.00623.x | en |
| dc.references | MacIntyre, Peter D. and Tammy Gregersen. 2012. Emotions that facilitate language learning: The positive- broadening power of the imagination. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 2, 193–213. https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2012.2.2.4 | en |
| dc.references | MacIntyre, Peter D. and Laszlo Vincze. 2017. Positive and negative emotions underlie motivation for L2 learning. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 7(1), 61-88. https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2017.7.1.4 | en |
| dc.references | Maican, Maria-Anca and Elena Cocoradă. 2021. Online foreign language learning in higher education and its correlates during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainability, 13(2), 781. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020781 | en |
| dc.references | Mercer, Sarah. 2006. Using Journals to Investigate the Learners' Emotional Experience of the Language Classroom". Estudios de Linguistica Inglesa Aplicada 6, 63-91. | en |
| dc.references | Miles, Matthew B. and A. Michael Huberman. 1994. Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook. Sage | en |
| dc.references | Moraes Bezerra, Isabel and Silveira, Fernanda. 2022. Reflections on exploratory practice and the affective mind: The exploratory meeting as a niche to the construction of affective scaffolding in pandemic times. Revista Brasileira de Linguística Aplicada. 22. 211-240. https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-6398202218419 | en |
| dc.references | Moskowitz, Gertrude. 1978. Caring and sharing in the foreign language class. Newbury House Publishing. | en |
| dc.references | Myhre, Tone S. and Dewaele, Jean-Marc. 2022. Outdoor teaching as an alternative to Emergency Remote Teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic. The European Educational Researcher, 129-132. | en |
| dc.references | Nakamura, Sachico; Darasawang, Pornapit and Hayo Reinders. 2021. The antecedents of boredom in L2 classroom learning. System, 98, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2021.102469 | en |
| dc.references | Pavelescu, Liana M. and Boyana Petric ́. 2018. Love and enjoyment in context: Four case studies of adolescent EFL learners. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 8(1), 73–101. https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2018.8.1.4 | en |
| dc.references | Pawlak, Mirosław; Derakhshan, Ali; Mehdizadeh, Mostafa and Mariusz Kruk. 2022. Boredom in online English language classes: Mediating variables and coping strategies. Language Teaching Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688211064944 | en |
| dc.references | Pekrun, Reinhard. 2014. Emotions and Learning. Educational Practices Series. International Academy of Education. | en |
| dc.references | Pichette, François. 2009. Second language anxiety and distance language learning. Foreign Language Annals, 42(1), 77– 93. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-9720.2009.01009.x | en |
| dc.references | Reeve, Johnmarshall. 2015. Understanding motivation and emotion (6th ed.) Wiley. | en |
| dc.references | Resnik, Pia and Jean-Marc Dewaele. 2021. Learner emotions, autonomy and trait emotional intelligence in ‘in-person’ versus emergency remote English foreign language teaching in Europe. Applied Linguistics Review. https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2020-0096 | en |
| dc.references | Resnik, Pia; Dewaele, Jean-Marc and Eva Knechtelsdorfer, 2022a. Differences between tertiary-level learners’ enjoyment in on-site and emergency remote EFL classes during the pandemic: A mixed-methods study. TESOL Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.3177 | en |
| dc.references | Resnik, Pia; Moskowitz, Sharona and Alex Panicacci. 2021. Language Learning in Crisis Mode: The Connection Between LX Grit, Trait Emotional Intelligence and Learner Emotions. Journal for the Psychology of Language Learning, 3(2), 99-117. https://doi.org/10.52598/jpll/3/2/7 | en |
| dc.references | Ross, Andrew S. and Elke Stracke. 2016. Learner perceptions and experiences of pride in second language education. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, 39(3), 272–291. https://doi.org/10.1075/aral.39.3.04ros | en |
| dc.references | Sun, Jinghan and Xiaodong Zhang. 2021. Exploring Chinese college students’ emotions as they engage in online learning during a pandemic. Asia Pacific Journal of Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2021.1965541 | en |
| dc.references | Teimouri, Yasser. 2018. Differential roles of shame and guilt in L2 learning. Modern Language Journal, 102(4), 632–652. https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12511 | en |
| dc.contributor.authorEmail | katarzyna.budzinska@p.lodz.pl | |
| dc.identifier.doi | 10.18778/1731-7533.23.09 | |
| dc.relation.volume | 23 | |